Elena Cornaro Piscopia

• Name — Elena Cornaro Piscopia • Born — 5 June 1646 • Birthplace — Ca' Loredan, Venice, Republic of Venice • Died — 26 July 1684 • Place of death — Padua, Republic of Venice • Resting Place — Church of Santa Giustina • Known for — One of the first women to receive a degree from a university • Alma Mater — University of Padua • Academic Advisors — Carlo Rinaldini (philosophy) Felice Rotondi (theology)

Elena Cornaro Piscopia was born in the Palazzo Loredan, in Venice, Republic of Venice, on 5 June 1646. She was the third child of Gianbattista Cornaro-Piscopia, a member of the Cornaro family; and his mistress Zanetta Boni. Her mother was a commoner and her parents were not married at the time of her birth. In 1664, Elena’s father was chosen to become Over-Procurator of Saint Mark, the treasurer of St Mark's Basilica, a coveted position among Venetian nobility. That made Gianbattista second only to the Doge of Venice in terms of precedence. Because of this connection, Elena was prominent in the Marriage of the Sea ceremony held in the Republic of Venice on the Feast of the Ascension, even though she was born illegitimate. Her father tried to arrange betrothals for her several times, but she rebuffed each man's advances. Early biographers' suggestion that she took a vow of chastity at age 11 is disputed by Francesco Ludovico Maschietto. In 1665 she took the religious habit of an oblate of the Benedictines, but did not become a nun.

As a young girl Elena was seen as a prodigy. On the advice of Giovanni Fabris, a priest who was a friend of the family, she began a classical education. She studied Latin and Greek under distinguished instructors and became proficient in those languages, as well as French and Spanish, by the age of seven. Elena came to be an expert musician, mastering the harpsichord, the clavichord, the harp and the violin. Her skills were shown by the music that she composed in her lifetime. In her late teens and early twenties, she became interested in physics, astronomy and linguistics. Carlo Rinaldini, her tutor in philosophy and at that point, the Chairman of Philosophy at the University of Padua, published a book in 1668 written in Latin and centred on geometry. The book was dedicated to a twenty-two-year-old Elena. After the death of her main tutor, Fabris, she became even closer to Rinaldini, who took over her studies.

In 1669 she translated the Colloquy of Christ by Carthusian monk Lanspergius from Spanish into Italian. The translation was dedicated to Gian Paolo Oliva, her close friend and confessor. The volume was issued in five editions in the Republic from 1669 to 1672. She was invited to be a part of many scholarly societies when her fame spread and in 1670 she became president of the Venetian society Accademia dei Pacifici. • Illustration — Thompson Memorial Library's window depicting Cornaro's conferral. On the recommendation of Carlo Rinaldini, her tutor in philosophy, Felice Rotondi petitioned the University of Padua to grant Cornaro the laurea in theology. When Cardinal Gregorio Barbarigo, the bishop of Padua, learned that she was pursuing a degree in theology, he refused on the grounds that she was a woman. However he did allow her to study for a degree in philosophy and after a course of study she received the laurea in Philosophy. The degree was conferred on 25 June 1678 in Padua Cathedral in the presence of the university authorities, the professors of all the faculties, the students and most of the Venetian Senators, together with many guests from the Universities of Bologna, Perugia, Rome and Naples. Elena spoke for an hour in Classical Latin, explaining difficult passages selected at random from the works of Aristotle: one from the Posterior Analytics and the other from the Physics. She was listened to with great attention and when she had finished she received plaudits as Professor Rinaldini proceeded to award her the insignia of the laurea: a book of philosophy, a laurel wreath on her head, a ring on her finger and over her shoulders an ermine mozzetta. She was proclaimed Magistra et Doctrix Philosophiae [teacher and doctor of philosophy], thus becoming one of the first women to receive an academic degree from a university. The last seven years of her life were devoted to study and charity. She died in Padua in 1684 of tuberculosis and was buried in the church of Santa Giustina.

Her writings include academic discourses, translations and devotional treatises. • Collected: * • Previously published: • (reprinted in Bacchini ed. 1688 pp. 179–183) • Unpublished: • A 1672 discourse on Our Lady of Sorrows

* • Benedetto Bacchini (1688) Actorem Helenæ (in Latin; Bacchini ed. 1688 pp. 1–48) * * * * • * * * * *

Elena Cornaro Piscopia is recorded with the occupation university teacher. Recorded as mathematician, philosopher, theologian, university teacher and medic.