Claudian

• Name — Claudian • Born — c. 370 • Birthplace — Alexandria, Roman Empire • Died — c. 404 • Occupation — poet, writer • Notable Works — De raptu Proserpinae

Claudian was born in Alexandria. He arrived in Rome in 394 and made his mark as a court poet with a eulogy of his two young patrons, Probinus and Olybrius, consuls of 395. He wrote a number of panegyrics on the consulship of his patrons, praise poems for the deeds of the general Stilicho, and invectives directed at Stilicho's rivals in the Eastern court of Arcadius. Little is known about his personal life, but it seems he was a convinced pagan: Augustine refers to him as "foreign to the name of Christ" (Civitas Dei, V, 26), and Paul Orosius describes him as an "obstinate pagan" (paganus pervicacissimus) in his Adversus paganos historiarum libri septem (VII, 55). He was well rewarded for his political engagement, being granted the rank of vir illustris. The Roman Senate honored him with a statue in the Roman Forum in 400. Stilicho's wife, Serena, secured a rich wife for him. Scholars assume Claudian died in 404, for none of his poems record the achievements of Stilicho after that year. His works give no account of the sack of Rome, while the writings of Olympiodorus of Thebes have been edited and made known only in few fragments, which begin from the death of Stilicho.

Although a native speaker of Greek, Claudian is one of the best Latin poetry stylists of late antiquity. He is not usually ranked among the top tier of Latin poets, but his writing is elegant, he tells a story well, and his polemical passages occasionally attain an unmatchable level of entertaining vitriol. The literature of his time is generally characterized by a quality modern critics find specious, of which Claudian's work is not free, and some find him cold and unfeeling. Claudian's poetry is a valuable historical source, though distorted by the conventions of panegyric. The historical or political poems connected with Stilicho have a manuscript tradition separate from the rest of his work, an indication that they were likely published as an independent collection, perhaps by Stilicho himself after Claudian's death. His most important non-political work is an unfinished epic, De raptu Proserpinae ("The Abduction of Proserpina"). The three extant books are believed to have been written in 395 and 397. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, Claudian has not been among the most popular Latin poets of antiquity, but the epic De raptu influenced painting and poetry for centuries.

• Illustration — The Abduction of Proserpina (ca. 1631) by Rembrandt was influenced by Claudian's De raptu Proserpinae • Panegyricus dictus Probino et Olybrio consulibus • De raptu Proserpinae (unfinished epic, 3 books completed) • In Rufinum ("Against Rufinus") • De Bello Gildonico ("On the Gildonic War") • In Eutropium ("Against Eutropius") • Fescennina / Epithalamium de Nuptiis Honorii Augusti • Panegyricus de Tertio Consulatu Honorii Augusti • Panegyricus de Quarto Consulatu Honorii Augusti • Panegyricus de Consulatu Flavii Manlii Theodori • De Consulatu Stilichonis • Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti • De Bello Gothico ("On the Gothic War" of 402–403) • Gigantomachy • Epigrams • Lesser poems: Phoenix, Epithalamium Palladio et Celerinae; de Magnete; de Crystallo cui aqua inerat

Works recorded as notable number 8: De raptu Proserpinae, in Eutropium, de bello Gildonico, panegyricus dictus Mallio Theodoro consuli, panegyricus dictus Honorio sextum consuli, panegyricus dictus Honorio tertium consuli, Panegyricus dictus Probino et Olybrio consulibus and Panegyricus de quarto consulatu Honorii Augusti.