Charles de Freycinet

He was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1890, the fourteenth member to occupy a seat in the Académie Française.

Charles de Freycinet studied at École polytechnique and Mines ParisTech. The recorded working language is French. The field of work recorded is philosophy, philosophy of science and mathematics. Places of work recorded in the authority are Paris. Positions recorded include senator of the French Third Republic and President of the Council. Distinctions recorded are Officer of the Legion of Honour and Knight of the Legion of Honour.

• Name — Charles de Freycinet • Predecessor2 — François Logerot • Prime Minister2 — Charles Floquet Pierre Tirard Himself Émile Loubet Alexandre Ribot • Party — Republican Union (1871–1885) Union of the Lefts (1885–1894) League of Patriots (1894–1923) • Office1 — Minister of War • Predecessor1 — Charles Chanoine • Prime Minister1 — Charles Dupuy • Successor1 — Camille Krantz • Successor2 — Julien Loizillon • Born — 14 November 1828 • Birthplace — Foix, Ariège, France • Died — 14 May 1923 • Place of death — Paris, France • Occupation — Engineer • Term Start1 — 1 November 1898 • Term End1 — 18 February 1899 • Term Start2 — 3 April 1888 • Term End2 — 10 January 1893 • Office3 — Prime Minister of France • President3 — Sadi Carnot • Term Start3 — 17 March 1890 • Term End3 — 27 February 1892 • Predecessor3 — Pierre Tirard • Successor3 — Émile Loubet • President4 — Jules Grévy • Term Start4 — 7 January 1886 • Term End4 — 16 December 1886 • Predecessor4 — Henri Brisson • Successor4 — René Goblet • President5 — Jules Grévy • Term Start5 — 30 January 1882 • Term End5 — 7 August 1882 • Predecessor5 — Léon Gambetta • Successor5 — Charles Duclerc • President6 — Jules Grévy • Term Start6 — 28 December 1879 • Term End6 — 23 September 1880 • Predecessor6 — William Waddington • Successor6 — Jules Ferry • Office7 — Minister of Foreign Affairs • Prime Minister7 — Himself Henri Brisson • Term Start7 — 28 December 1879 • Term End7 — 3 December 1886 • Predecessor7 — Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour • Successor7 — Émile Flourens • Office8 — Minister of Public Works • Prime Minister8 — Jules Dufaure William Waddington • Term Start8 — 13 December 1877 • Term End8 — 28 December 1879 • Predecessor8 — Michel Graeff • Successor8 — Henri Varroy • Office9 — Member of the French Senate for Seine • Term Start9 — 30 January 1876 • Term End9 — 11 January 1920 • Successor9 — Louis Dausset • Education — École Polytechnique

Freycinet was born at Foix (Ariège) of a Protestant family and was the nephew of Louis de Freycinet, a French navigator and the grandson of Élisabeth-Antoinette-Catherine Armand, a French pastellist. Charles Freycinet was educated at the École Polytechnique. He entered government service as a mining engineer (see X-Mines). In 1858 he was appointed traffic manager to the Compagnie de chemins de fer du Midi, a post in which he showed a remarkable talent for organization, and in 1862 returned to the engineering service, attaining in 1886 the rank of inspector-general. He was sent on several special scientific missions, including one to the United Kingdom, on which he wrote Mémoire sur le travail des femmes et des enfants dans les manufactures de l'Angleterre (1867).

In July 1870 the Franco-Prussian War started, which led to the fall of the Second French Empire of Napoleon III. On the establishment of the Third Republic in September 1870, he offered his services to Léon Gambetta, was appointed prefect of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, and in October became chief of the military cabinet. It was mainly Freycinet's powers of organization which enabled Gambetta to raise army after army to oppose the invading Germans. He revealed himself to be a competent strategist, but the policy of dictating operations to the generals in the field was not accompanied by happy results. The friction between him and General d'Aurelle de Paladines resulted in the loss of the advantage temporarily gained at Coulmiers and Orléans, and he was responsible for the campaign in the east, which ended in the destruction of the Armée de l'Est of Charles Denis Bourbaki.

In 1871 he published a defence of his administration under the title of La Guerre en province pendant le siège de Paris. He entered the Senate in 1876 as a follower of Gambetta, and in December 1877 became Minister of Public Works in the cabinet of Jules Armand Stanislaus Dufaure. He passed a great scheme for the gradual acquisition of the railways by the state and the construction of new lines at a cost of three milliards of francs, and for the development of the canal system at a further cost of one milliard. He retained his post in the ministry of William Henry Waddington, whom he succeeded in December 1879 as Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs. He passed an amnesty for the Communards, but in attempting to steer a middle course (between the Catholics and the anti-clericalists) on the question of religious associations, he lost Gambetta's support, and resigned in September 1880. In January 1882 he again became Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. The reluctance of the French parliament to join Britain in the bombardment of Alexandria was the death-knell of French influence in Egypt and Freycinet was criticized for it. He attempted to compromise by occupying the Isthmus of Suez, but the vote of credit was rejected in the Chamber by 417 votes to 75, and the ministry resigned. He returned to office in April 1885 as Foreign Minister in Henri Brisson's cabinet, and retained that post when, in January 1886, he succeeded to the premiership.

He came to power with an ambitious programme of internal reform; but apart from settling the question of the exiled pretenders, his successes were chiefly in the sphere of colonial extension. In spite of his unrivalled skill as a parliamentary tactician, he failed to keep his party together, and was defeated on 3 December 1886. In the following year, after two unsuccessful attempts to construct new ministries, he stood for the Presidency of the Republic; but the radicals, to whom his opportunism was distasteful, turned the scale against him by transferring their votes to Marie François Sadi Carnot. During his premierships, a number of progressive reforms were introduced. A law of July the 13th 1896 broadened (as noted by one study) “the conditions for pension bonuses offered by the State” while a law of July the 20th 1886 provided for bonuses (as one study has noted) “in cases of serious injury or officially recognized disability resulting in total incapacity for work.” A law was introduced in July 1890 that regulated the semi-monthly inspection of mines with the object (as noted by one study) “of examining the conditions of security for the employees.” A law of July 1890 allowed for elected miners to inspect mines, and a law of December 1890 allowed workers to demand damages from employers who dismissed them due to their belonging to a union. In addition, the ‘livret,’ a long-established document that placed arbitrary restrictions on laborers, was abolished on July the 22nd 1890, and a law of July the 20th 1891 set up a bureau of labor which was given the duty (as noted by one study) “to collect, systematize, and publish all information relating to labor, particularly as regards the state and development of production, the organization and renumeration of labor, its relations with capital, the condition of the working people, and the comparative situation of labor in France and in foreign countries.”

In April 1888 he became Minister of War in Charles Floquet's cabinet – the first civilian since 1848 to hold that office. His services to France in this capacity were the crowning achievement of his life, and he enjoyed the conspicuous honour of holding his office without a break for five years through as many successive administrations – those of Floquet and Pierre Tirard, his own fourth ministry (March 1890 – February 1892), and the Émile Loubet and Alexandre Ribot ministries. The introduction of the three-years' service and the establishment of a general staff, a supreme council of war, and the army commands were all due to him. His premiership was marked by heated debates on the clerical question, and it was a hostile vote on his bill against the religious associations that caused the fall of his cabinet. He failed to clear himself entirely of complicity in the Panama scandals, and in January 1893 resigned the Ministry of War. In November 1898 he once again became Minister of War in the Charles Dupuy cabinet, but resigned office on 6 May 1899.

• Illustration — Freycinet by Guth in Vanity Fair, April 1891

• Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs • Jean Joseph Frédéric Farre – Minister of War • Charles Lepère – Minister of the Interior and Worship • Pierre Magnin – Minister of Finance • Jules Cazot – Minister of Justice • Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry – Minister of Marine and Colonies • Jules Ferry – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts • Henri Varroy – Minister of Public Works • Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs • Pierre Tirard – Minister of Agriculture and Commerce • Changes • 17 May 1880 – Ernest Constans succeeds Lepère as Minister of the Interior and Worship.

• Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs • Jean-Baptiste Billot – Minister of War • René Goblet – Minister of the Interior • Léon Say – Minister of Finance • Gustave Humbert – Minister of Justice and Worship • Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry – Minister of Marine and Colonies • Jules Ferry – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts • François de Mahy – Minister of Agriculture • Henri Varroy – Minister of Public Works • Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs • Pierre Tirard – Minister of Commerce

• Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs • Georges Boulanger – Minister of War • Ferdinand Sarrien – Minister of the Interior • Marie François Sadi Carnot – Minister of Finance • Charles Demôle – Minister of Justice • Théophile Aube – Minister of Marine and Colonies • René Goblet – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship • Jules Develle – Minister of Agriculture • Charles Baïhaut – Minister of Public Works • Félix Granet – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs • Édouard Locroy – Minister of Commerce and Industry • Changes • 4 November 1886 – Édouard Millaud succeeds Baïhaut as Minister of Public Works

• Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of War • Alexandre Ribot – Minister of Foreign Affairs • Ernest Constans – Minister of the Interior • Maurice Rouvier – Minister of Finance • Armand Fallières – Minister of Justice and Worship • Jules Roche – Minister of the Colonies and of Commerce and Industry • Édouard Barbey – Minister of Marine • Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts • Jules Develle – Minister of Agriculture • Yves Guyot – Minister of Public Works

Charles de Freycinet was recorded at birth as Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet. The authorities additionally record the heading Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet. His recorded language was French. He was the child of Casimir de Saulces de Freycinet.

Charles de Freycinet worked in philosophy, philosophy of science, mathematics, geometry and politics. Recorded positions include senator of the French Third Republic, President of the Council, seat 1 of the Académie française, Prefect of Tarn-et-Garonne and foreign minister. He belonged to Académie Française, French Academy of Sciences and Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He worked at Paris.