Bella Akhmadulina

She is known in Russia as "the voice of the epoch". Despite the aforementioned apolitical stance of her writing, Akhmadulina was often critical of authorities in the Soviet Union, and spoke out in favour of others, including Soviet Nobel laureates Boris Pasternak, Andrei Sakharov, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. She was known to international audiences via her travels abroad during the Khrushchev Thaw, during which she made appearances in sold-out stadiums. Upon her death in 2010 at the age of 73, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev hailed her poetry as a "classic of Russian literature." The New York Times said Akhmadulina was "always recognized as one of the Soviet Union's literary treasures and a classic poet in the long line extending from Lermontov and Pushkin." Sonia I. Ketchian, writing in The Poetic Craft of Bella Akhmadulina, called her "one of the great poets of the 20th century. There's Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Mandelstam, and Pasternak – and she's the fifth".

Bella Akhmadulina studied at Maxim Gorky Literature Institute. The recorded working language is Russian. The field of work recorded is poetry. Subjects and genres recorded for the work are lyric poetry. Distinctions recorded are USSR State Prize, A. Pushkin Award, Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class and Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class.

• Name — Bella Akhmadulina • Birth Name — Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina • Born — 10 April 1937 • Died — 29 November 2010 • Birthplace — Moscow, Soviet Union • Place of death — Peredelkino, Russia • Occupation — Poet, writer, translator • Movement — Neo-Acmeism, the Sixtiers, Russian New Wave • Period — 1955–2010 • Notable Works — The String, Fever, Music Lessons, The Candle (poetry collections) • Children — Elizaveta Kulieva, poet • Education — Maxim Gorky Literature Institute

Bella Akhmadulina was born in Moscow on 10 April 1937, the only child of Akhat Valeevich Akhmadulin, a Tatar father and Nadezhda Makarovna Lazareva, a Russian-Italian mother. They underwent evacuation to Kazan when World War II broke out. Akhmadulina's literary career began when she was a school-girl working as a journalist at the Moscow newspaper, Metrostroevets, and improving her poetic skills at a circle organized by the poet Yevgeny Vinokurov. Her first poems appeared in the magazine October after being approved by established Soviet poets. These first poems were published in 1955. Émigré critic Marc Slonim described her prospects as follows in 1964 (Soviet Russian Literature): "Her voice has such a purity of tone, such richness of timbre, such individuality of diction, that if her growth continues she will be able some day to succeed Akhmatova" as "the greatest living woman poet in Russia". After graduating, Akhmadulina travelled throughout Central Asia. Her travels sparked her interest in “Asiatic blood”, a theme which recurred in her later work. After finishing school, Akhmadulina entered the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute from which she graduated in 1960. While studying at the institute, she published her poems and articles in different newspapers, both official and handwritten. She was the subject of criticism in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1957. She was expelled in 1959 (but allowed re-entry as time progressed) as a result of her opposition to the persecution of Boris Pasternak. In 1962 the first collection of her poems, titled Struna (The String), was published and was a resounding success. In spite of being expunged, many of her collections of verses were published later: Music lessons (1970), Poems (1975), Candle (1977), Dreams of Georgia (1977), The Mystery (1983), Coastline (1991), and others. A collection called Sad (Garden) led to Akhmadulina receiving the USSR State Prize in 1989. Akhmadulina attended “poetic evenings at the Polytechnic Museum” and the Luzhniki Stadium concerts, both major cultural events of the time. "Many dogs and one dog", a short story written in a surreal style, was published in 1979 in Samizdat's Metropol Almanac. She assisted in the creation of Metropol. She wrote essays about Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. She appeared in sold-out stadiums in the 1960s, as did the poets Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Andrei Voznesensky and Robert Rozhdestvensky. Her open letter was published supporting the exiled Andrei Sakharov. In October 1993, she signed the Letter of Forty-Two. She was a journalist in a 1964 film. Bella participated in many international poetry events including Kuala Lumpur International Poetry Reading (1988). After the Soviet Union she published Casket and Key (1994), A Guiding Sound (1995) and One Day in December (1996). Akhmadulina emphasised a challenging balance between creative freedom and state conformity, quoted as describing the Soviet Union as a “Garden of Eden for poetry and a purgatory for poets.”

The main themes of Akhmadulina's works are friendship, love, and relations between people. She wrote numerous essays about Russian poets and translators, some devoted to her close friend, Bulat Okudzhava. Akhmadulina avoided writing overtly political poems, but took part in political events in her youth, supporting the so-called "dissident movement". She translated Russian poetry from France, Italy, Chechnya, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, and many others. Akhmadulina wrote in a "resolutely apolitical" style. She made use of imagery and humour in her work. She used rhymed quatrains in her early works, which discussed ordinary, yet imaginative occurrences from daily life in language that was full of both archaisms and neologisms. Religion and philosophy became her themes as she aged and she wrote in longer forms. In her later works, Akhmadulina often wrote about illness, insomnia, alienation, and impending death. F.D. Reeve compared Akhmadulina to Alexander Pushkin, saying that she “cloaked her spirit with his”.

• Illustration — Bella Akhmadulina and Anna Netrebko at the Russian State Prize ceremony at the Kremlin Bella's first marriage in 1954 was to Yevgeny Yevtushenko, another famous poet of the era; her second husband, whom she married in 1960, was Yuri Nagibin, a major novelist and screenwriter. Her third marriage in 1971 to film director Eldar Kuliev produced a daughter, Elizaveta Kulieva, who is also a poet. In 1974, she married her last husband, the famous artist and stage designer Boris Messerer. They had homes in Peredelkino and Moscow. They were married from 1974 to her death in 2010. Akhmadulina spoke of having a "guiding light" and believing that "something or someone looks after us”.

Akhmadulina died at her home in Peredelkino near Moscow on 29 November 2010 at the age of 73. Akhmadulina's husband said her death was from a heart condition, describing it as a "cardiovascular crisis". Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin both paid tribute, with Medvedev writing on his blog that the death was an "irreparable loss". Medevdev also wrote that Akhmadulina's poetry was a "classic of Russian literature". Akhmadulina was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, memorialised by a grave monument.

• I Am Twenty (1961), directed by Marlen Khutsiev

Bella Akhmadulina is recorded as having received USSR State Prize, A. Bella Akhmadulina is recorded as poet, translator, writer, playwright and screenwriter.