bağlama

Within this broader organological tradition, the modern saz developed in Anatolia as the principal folk lute of Turkish folk music and became closely associated with the repertoire of itinerant poet-musicians known as âşıks.

• Name — Bağlama • Names — Saz • Background — string • Classification — * Plucked string instrument • Long-necked lute • Chordophone • Hornbostel Sachs — 321.321-6 • Hornbostel Sachs Desc — Necked bowl lute, sounded with a plectrum • Developed — Anatolia, Turkey • Related — * Baglamadaki (Greece) • Balkan tambura (Тамбура) (Levant, Anatolia, Thrace and Balkans) • Bouzouki (Levant, Anatolia, Thrace, Balkans and Europe) • Buzuq (Caucasus, Anatolia and Levant) • Choghur (Azerbaijan and Georgia) • Çiftelia (Thrace, Anatolia, Balkans and Europe) • Dutar • Šargija (Thrace, Balkans and Europe) • Setar • Tambouras (Caucasus, Levant, Anatolia, Thrace, Balkans and Europe) • Tanbur (Caucasus, Iran and Turkey) • Tar (lute) (Caucasus, Iran and Turkey) • Sound Sample — * Illustration — Saz sound

According to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "the terms 'bağlama' and 'saz' are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey. 'Saz' is generally used interchangeably with 'enstrüman' (instrument) and it is used to refer single or group of musical instruments like 'üflemeli sazlar' (wind instruments).

The musical scale of the bağlama differs from that of many western instruments – such as the guitar – in that it features ratios that are close to quarter tones. The traditional ratios for bağlama frets are listed by Yalçın Tura: • Fret 1: 18/17 • Fret 2: 12/11 • Fret 3: 9/8 • Fret 4: 81/68 • Fret 5: 27/22 • Fret 6: 81/64 • Fret 7: 4/3 • Fret 8: 24/17 • Fret 9: 16/11 • Fret 10: 3/2 • Fret 11: 27/17 • Fret 12: 18/11 • Fret 13: 27/16 • Fret 14: 16/9 • Fret 15: 32/17 • Fret 16: 64/33 • Fret 17: 2/1 However, as confirmed by Okan Öztürk, instrument makers now often set frets on the bağlama with the aid of fret calculators and tuners based on the 24-tone equal temperament. The frets include the 12 tones within 12-tone equal temperament, along with 5 more. This means that 12 tone songs can be played on the Bağlama.

The Turkish bağlama has a variety of tunings (düzen), associated with different regional traditions. The list below presents some of the most common tunings and their commonly used names. String order is given as Bottom, Middle, Top. Tunings are defined relative to a reference system in which the bottom string is presumed to be A and then the other notes are derived accordingly. The instrument then may be transposed to a different absolute pitch level. The most common bağlama tuningsWhen the specific octave of the notes in a tuning is not clear and is not attested anywhere, an example is omitted. The reason for this is explained in the notes section of the Abdal tuning. • Abdal Tuning • A, A, G (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · A3 · G3 • Variant 2: A3 · A2 · G3 • Note: Originally, the middle course should be in the same octave as the bottom course. Due to these tunings not being consistently notated with octave designations, this tuning is sometimes listed with the entire middle course assumed to be in a lower octave than the bottom course. The most popular performers who used this tuning had an octave string tuned an octave lower alongside another string in the same octave. However, in Azerbaijan, this tuning is performed with the middle course tuned to the same octave, and sometimes an additional octave string is added, resulting in the middle course having three strings. Playing in this tuning is also referred to as açıktan çalma, and the Azerbaijani name for this tuning reflects this, as it is called açıq kök. • Variant 3: A3 · (A3 – A2) · G3 • Acemaşiran Tuning • A, A, F (Tonic: F) — Most likely A3 · A3 · F3 • Bağlama Tuning • A, D, E (Tonic: E) — e.g., A3 · D3 · E3 • Bozuk (Kara) Tuning • A, D, G (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · D3 · G3 • Variant 2: (A3 – A3) · (D4 – D3) · (G3 – G3) • Variant 3: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D3 – D3) · (G3 – G2) • Variant 4: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D3 – D3) · (G3 – G3 – G2) • Variant 5: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D4 – D3 – D3) · (G3 – G3 – G2) • Variant 6 (Variant created recently): (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D2 – D3) · (G3 – G2) • Variant 7 A3 · D3 · G3 · G4 • Variant featuring an ahenk teli, an additional higher-pitched octave string with its tuning peg mounted on the side of the neck. In Turkey, this feature survives mainly on some üçtelli (three-string) smaller sized sazs and their various tunings, while the Bosnian šargija retains it on larger instruments. • Çargah Tuning • A, D, G (Tonic: B) — e.g., A3 · D3 · G3 • Note: This tuning is also listed as A, D, C. • Eviç Tuning • A, B, G (Tonic: B) — e.g., A3 · B3 · G3 • Variant 2: A3 · B2 · G3 • Note: This tuning has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. • In Azerbaijan, there are two additional variants: • Variant 3: A3 · (B3 – E3) · G3 • Variant 4: A3 · (B3 – B2) · G3 • Note: The first variant is most likely the original one, as Variants 3 and 4 appear to be derived from it. • Hüseyni Tuning • A, A, E (Tonic: A) — Most likely A3 · A3 · E3 • Hüzzam Tuning • A, A, F♯ (Tonic: F♯) — Most likely A3 · A3 · F♯3 • Kayseri Tuning • A, E, A (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · E3 · A3 • Variant 2: A3 · E2 · A3 • Note: This tuning has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. It is also called Tar tuning; because of this, the second variant may be the more authentic one. • Kütahya Tuning • A, D, D (Tonic: D) — e.g., A3 · D3 · D3 • Note: Also listed as A3 · A3 · D3. These variations appear to be a carryover from the instrument üçtelli, and the first variant is listed as Zeybek düzeni. • Misket Tuning • A, D, F♯ (Tonic: F♯) — e.g., A3 · D3 · F♯3 • Müstezat Tuning (Fa Müstezat) • A, D, F (Tonic: F) — e.g., A3 · D3 · F3 • Variant 2 (Do Müstezat): A3 · C4 · G3 • Variant 3: A3 · C3 · G3 • Note: This variant has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. In Azerbaijan, there are two additional variants: • Variant 4: A3 · (C4 – C3) · G3 • Variant 5: A3 · (C4 – F3) · G3 • Note: The first variant of Do Müstezat is most likely the original one, as Variants 4 and 5 are derived from it. • Rast Tuning • A, C, G (Tonic: C) • Note: This is the same tuning as Do Müstezat. • Sabahi Tuning • A, C, A (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · C4 · A3 • Segah Tuning • A, D, B (Tonic: B) • Note: Also listed as A, B, G (the same as the Eviç tuning). It is also called Azeri tuning; the A, D, B variant appears to be an outlier. • Şur Tuning • A, E, B (Tonic: A) • Ümmi Tuning • A, A, D (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · A3 · D4 • Note: Also listed as A3 · A2 · D3. This has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. • Yeksani (Irızva) Tuning • A, D, A (Tonic: A) • Note: Also listed as A, D, E (the same as the Bağlama tuning). There are two variants: A3 · D3 · A3 and A3 · D4 · A3. due to the name also being used for the Bağlama tuning, the first variant is likely to be the original one. • Zirgüle Tuning • A, F, G (Tonic: G) — e.g., A3 · F3 · G3 • Note: In Azerbaijan, this tuning system is called Çoban bayatı kökü.

• Illustration — Asik Veysel was a bağlama virtuoso, and the prominent representative of the Anatolian ashik tradition in the 20th century. • Illustration — Erdinç Ecevit Yıldız from the band Altın Gün performs with an electric bağlama. • Aşık Veysel (1894–1973) • Muharrem Ertaş (1913–1984) • Neşet Ertaş (1938–2012) • Musa Eroğlu (1945–) • Orhan Gencebay (1944–) • İbrahim Tatlıses (1952–) • Mahsun Kırmızıgül (1969–) • Arif Sağ (1946–) • Nida Tüfekçi (1929–1993) • Orhan Ölmez (1985–) • Ozan Hilmi Şahballı (1953–) • Yusuf Polatoğlu (1956–2021) • Azer Bülbül (1967–2012) • Erkin Koray (1941–2023) • Hasret Gültekin (1971–1993) • İbrahim Erkal (1967–2017) • Aşık Mahzuni Şerif (1940–2002) • Ankaralı Namık (1976–2015) • Ankaralı Turgut (1963–2024) • Ahmet Koç (1968–) • Oğuz Yılmaz (1969–2021) • Nuray Hafiftaş (1964–2018) • Fatih Kısaparmak (1961–) • Arif Şirin (1949–2019) • Uğur Işılak (1971–) • Yavuz Bingöl (1964–) • Ferdi Tayfur (1945–2025) • Müslüm Gürses (1953–2013) • Hakan Taşıyan (1973–) • Esat Kabaklı (1954–) • Orhan Hakalmaz (1965–) • Ahmet Kaya (1957–2000) • Onur Şan (1981–) • Sümer Ezgü (1960–) • Kıvırcık Ali (1968–2011) • Aşık Murat Çobanoğlu (1940–2005) • Aşık Sefai (1956–) • Özlem Özdil (1979–) • Şahin Kendirci (2002–) • Aşık Şahsenem Bacı (1945–2022) • Güler Duman (1967–) • Cahit Berkay (1946–)