Asian Development Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, in Metro Manila, Philippines, and maintains 31 field offices around the world. The bank was established on 19 December 1966 and admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional developed countries.
Also recorded as ADB
Asian Development Bank
Eugene Alvin Villar (seav) · Self-photographed · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Name
- Asian Development Bank
- Founded
- 1966.
- Headquarters
- Mandaluyong.
- Activity
- international governmental or non-governmental organizations, other credit granting and development aid.
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The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, in Metro Manila, Philippines, and maintains 31 field offices around the world. The bank was established on 19 December 1966 and admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional developed countries.
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In this article
Overview
Overview
This article rests on 199 published texts, 2 digitised documents and 21 scholarly references drawn from named institutional registers. Every statement below returns to a source shown in the evidence panel; where the record is silent or divided, the article says so instead of resolving it.
Key facts
Key facts
• Name — Asian Development Bank • Abbreviation — ADB • Type — Multilateral development bank • Status — Treaty • Purpose — Social and Economic Development • Headquarters — 6 ADB Avenue, Barangay Wack-Wack Greenhills, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 1550, Philippines • Region Served — Indo-Pacific • Membership — 69 countries • Leader Title — President • Leader Name — Masato Kanda • Main Organ — Board of Governors • Affiliations — International Monetary Fund (International) • Num Staff — 3,769
Organization
Organization
The highest policymaking body of the bank is the Board of Governors, which is composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elects twelve members of the Board of Directors and their alternates from among its members. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) distinguishes between regional members, located in the Asia-Pacific region, and nonregional members, primarily from Europe and North America. Regional members are the main beneficiaries of development projects, whereas nonregional members primarily contribute capital. Eight of the twelve directors represent regional members, while the remaining four represent nonregional members. The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese. The current president is Masato Kanda. He succeeded Masatsugu Asakawa who in 2024, announced his resignation effective on 23 February 2025. Prior to that, Asakawa succeeded Takehiko Nakao on 17 January 2020, who succeeded Haruhiko Kuroda in 2013. The headquarters of the bank is at 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines, and it has 42 field offices in Asia and the Pacific and representative offices in Washington, Frankfurt, Tokyo and Sydney. The bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 68 members.
List of presidents
List of presidents
• Name — Dates — Nationality • Takeshi Watanabe — 1966–1972 — ese • Shiro Inoue — 1972–1976 • Taroichi Yoshida — 1976–1981 • Masao Fujioka — 1981–1989 • Kimimasa Tarumizu — 1989–1993 • Mitsuo Sato — 1993–1999 • Tadao Chino — 1999–2005 • Haruhiko Kuroda — 2005–2013 • Takehiko Nakao — 2013–2020 • Masatsugu Asakawa — 2020–February 23, 2025 • Masato Kanda — February 24, 2025–
1960s
1960s
As early as 1956, Japan Finance Minister Hisato Ichimada had suggested to United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that development projects in Southeast Asia could be supported by a new financial institution for the region. A year later, Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi announced that Japan intended to sponsor the establishment of a regional development fund with resources largely from Japan and other industrial countries. But the US did not warm to the plan and the concept was shelved. The idea came up again late in 1962 when Kaoru Ohashi, an economist from a research institute in Tokyo, visited Takeshi Watanabe, then a private financial consultant in Tokyo, and proposed a study group to form a development bank for the Asian region. The group met regularly in 1963, examining various scenarios for setting up a new institution and drew on Watanabe's experiences with the World Bank. However, the idea received a cool reception from the World Bank itself and the study group became discouraged. In parallel, the concept was formally proposed at a trade conference organized by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1963 by a young Thai economist, Paul Sithi-Amnuai. (ESCAP, United Nations Publication March 2007, "The first parliament of Asia" pp. 65). Despite an initial mixed reaction, support for the establishment of a new bank soon grew. An expert group was convened to study the idea, with Japan invited to contribute to the group. When Watanabe was recommended, the two streams proposing a new bank—from ECAFE and Japan—came together. Initially, the US was on the fence, not opposing the idea but not ready to commit financial support. But a new bank for Asia was soon seen to fit in with a broader program of assistance to Asia planned by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson in the wake of the escalating U.S. military support for the government of South Vietnam. As a key player in the concept, Japan hoped that the ADB offices would be in Tokyo. However, eight other cities had also expressed an interest: Bangkok, Colombo, Kabul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Phnom Penh, Singapore, and Tehran. To decide, the 18 prospective regional members of the new bank held three rounds of votes at a ministerial conference in Manila in November/December 1965. In the first round on 30 November, Tokyo failed to win a majority, so a second ballot was held the next day at noon. Although Japan was in the lead, it was still inconclusive, so a final vote was held after lunch. In the third poll, Tokyo gained eight votes to Manila's nine, with one abstention. Therefore, Manila was declared the host of the new development bank; the Japanese were mystified and deeply disappointed. Watanabe later wrote in his personal history of ADB: "I felt as if the child I had so carefully reared had been taken away to a distant country." (Asian Development Bank publication, "Towards a New Asia", 1977, p. 16) On 3 December 1965, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal lays the foundation stone of the Asian Development Bank. As intensive work took place during 1966 to prepare for the opening of the new bank in Manila, high on the agenda was choice of president. Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō asked Watanabe to be a candidate. Although he initially declined, pressure came from other countries and Watanabe agreed. In the absence of any other candidates, Watanabe was elected first President of the Asian Development Bank at its Inaugural Meeting on 24 November 1966. By the end of 1972, Japan had contributed $173.7 million (22.6% of the total) to the ordinary capital resources and $122.6 million (59.6% of the total) to the special funds. In contrast, the United States contributed only $1.25 million to the special fund. After its creation in the 1960s, ADB focused much of its assistance on food production and rural development. At the time, Asia was one of the poorest regions in the world. Early loans went largely to Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea and the Philippines; these countries accounted for 78.48% of the total ADB loans between 1967 and 1972. Moreover, Japan received tangible benefits, 41.67% of the total procurements between 1967 and 1976. Japan tied its special funds contributions to its preferred sectors and regions and procurements of its goods and services, as reflected in its $100 million donation for the Agricultural Special Fund in April 1968. Watanabe served as the first ADB president to 1972.
1970s–1980s
1970s–1980s
In the 1970s, ADB's assistance to developing countries in Asia expanded into education and health, and then to infrastructure and industry. The gradual emergence of Asian economies in the latter part of the decade spurred demand for better infrastructure to support economic growth. ADB focused on improving roads and providing electricity. When the world suffered its first oil price shock, ADB shifted more of its assistance to support energy projects, especially those promoting the development of domestic energy sources in member countries. Following considerable pressure from the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, ADB reluctantly began working with the private sector in an attempt to increase the impact of its development assistance to poor countries in Asia and the Pacific. In the wake of the second oil crisis, ADB expanded its assistance to energy projects. In 1982, ADB opened its first field office, in Bangladesh, and later in the decade, it expanded its work with non-government organizations (NGOs). Japanese presidents Inoue Shiro (1972–76) and Yoshida Taroichi (1976–81) took the spotlight in the 1970s. Fujioka Masao, the fourth president (1981–90), adopted an assertive leadership style, launching an ambitious plan to expand the ADB into a high-impact development agency. On 18 November 1972, the Bank inaugurated its headquarters along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City, Philippines. On 31 May 1991, ADB moved its offices to Ortigas Center in Mandaluyong City, with the Department of Foreign Affairs taking over its old Pasay premises.
1990s
1990s
In the 1990s, ADB began promoting regional cooperation by helping the countries on the Mekong River to trade and work together. The decade also saw an expansion of ADB's membership with the addition of several Central Asian countries following the end of the Cold War. In mid-1997, ADB responded to the financial crisis that hit the region with projects designed to strengthen financial sectors and create social safety nets for the poor. During the crisis, ADB approved its largest single loan – a $4 billion emergency loan to South Korea. In 1999, ADB adopted poverty reduction as its overarching goal.
2000s
2000s
The early 2000s saw a dramatic expansion of private sector finance. While the institution had such operations since the 1980s (under pressure from the Reagan Administration) the early attempts were highly unsuccessful with low lending volumes, considerable losses and financial scandals associated with an entity named AFIC. However, beginning in 2002, the ADB undertook a dramatic expansion of private sector lending under a new team. Over the course of the next six years, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew by a factor of 41 times the 2001 levels of new financings and earnings for the ADB. This culminated with the Board's formal recognition of these achievements in March 2008, when the board of directors formally adopted the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF). That document formally stated that assistance to private sector development was the lead priority of the ADB and that it should constitute 50% of the bank's lending by 2020. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic hit the region and ADB responded with programs to help the countries in the region work together to address infectious diseases, including avian influenza and HIV/AIDS. ADB also responded to a multitude of natural disasters in the region, committing more than $850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives, and Sri Lanka which were impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In addition, $1 billion in loans and grants was provided to the victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. In December 2005, China donated $20 million to the ADB for a regional poverty alleviation fund; China's first such fund set up at an international institution. In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from $55 billion to $165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to the 2008 financial crisis. The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and was the first since 1994.
2010s
2010s
Asia moved beyond the economic crisis and by 2010 had emerged as a new engine of global economic growth though it remained home to two-thirds of the world's poor. In addition, the increasing prosperity of many people in the region created a widening income gap that left many people behind. ADB responded to this with loans and grants that encouraged economic growth. In early 2012, the ADB began to re-engage with Myanmar in response to reforms initiated by the government. In April 2014, ADB opened an office in Myanmar and resumed making loans and grants to the country. In 2017, ADB combined the lending operations of its Asian Development Fund (ADF) with its ordinary capital resources (OCR). The result was to expand the OCR balance sheet to permit increasing annual lending and grants to $20 billion by 2020 – 50% more than the previous level. In 2020, ADB gave a $2 million grant from the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, to support the Armenian government in the fight against the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. In the same year, the ADB committed a $20 million loan to Electric Networks of Armenia, that will ensure electricity for the citizens during the pandemic, as well as approved $500,000 in regional technical assistance to procure personal protective equipment and other medical supplies.
Aim
Aim
The ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems, helping countries prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas.
Focus areas
Focus areas
Eighty percent of ADB's lending is concentrated public sector lending in five operational areas. • Education – Most developing countries in Asia and the Pacific have earned high marks for a dramatic rise in primary education enrollment rates in the last three decades, but daunting challenges remain, threatening economic and social growth. • Environment, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Management – Environmental sustainability is a prerequisite for economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific. • Finance Sector Development – The financial system is the lifeline of a country's economy. It creates prosperity that can be shared throughout society and benefit the poorest and most vulnerable people. Financial sector and capital market development, including microfinance, small and medium-sized enterprises, and regulatory reforms, is vital to decreasing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. This has been a key priority of the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) since 2002. One of the most active sub-sectors of finance is the PSOD's support for trade finance. Each year the PSOD finances billions of dollars in letters of credit across all of Asia and the rest of the world. • Infrastructure, including transport and communications, energy, water supply and sanitation, and urban development. • Regional Cooperation and Integration – Regional cooperation and integration (RCI) was introduced by President Kuroda when he joined the ADB in 2004. It was seen as a long-standing priority of the Japanese government as a process by which national economies become more regionally connected. It plays a critical role in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and economic disparity, raising productivity and employment, and strengthening institutions. • Private Sector Lending – This priority was introduced into the ADB's activities at the insistence of the Reagan Administration. However, that effort was never a true priority until the administration of President Tadeo Chino who in turn brought in a seasoned American banker – Robert Bestani. From then on, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew at a very rapid pace, growing from the smallest financing unit of the ADB to the largest in terms of financing volume. As noted earlier, this culminated in the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF) which was adopted by the Board in March 2008.
Financings
Financings
The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and "soft" loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will be sourced starting January 2017 from the bank's ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund. The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity). In 2017, ADB lent $19.1 billion of which $3.2 billion went to private enterprises, as part of its "non-sovereign" operations. ADB's operations in 2017, including grants and co-financing, totaled $28.9 billion. ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on the world's capital markets. Moody's Investors Service assigned a credit rating of AAA to its senior unsecured debt as of April 2025. It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans. Five largest borrowing countries • Country — 2018 — 2017 — 2016 — 2015 • $ million — % — $ million — % — $ million — % — $ million — % • China — 17,015 — 16.6 — 16,284 — 16.9 — 15,615 — 24.8 — 14,646 — 25.2 • India — 16,115 — 15.7 — 14,720 — 15.2 — 13,331 — 21.2 — 12,916 — 22.2 • Pakistan — 10,818 — 10.6 — 10,975 — 11.4 — 4,570 — 7.3 — 4,319 — 7.4 • Indonesia — 10,356 — 10.1 — 9,393 — 9.7 — 8,700 — 13.8 — 8,214 — 14.1 • Bangladesh — 9,169 — 8.9 — 8,685 — 9.0 — - — - — - — - • Philippines — - — - — - — - — 5,935 — 9.4 — 5,525 — 9.5 • Others — 38,998 — 38.1 — 36,519 — 37.8 — 14,831 — 23.5 — 12,486 — 21.6 • Total — 102,470 — 100.0 — 96,577 — 100.0 — 62,983 — 100.0 — 58,106 — 100.0
Private sector investments
Private sector investments
ADB provides direct financial assistance, in the form of debt, equity and mezzanine finance to private sector companies, for projects that have clear social benefits beyond the financial rate of return. ADB's participation is usually limited but it leverages a large amount of funds from commercial sources to finance these projects by holding no more than 25% of any given transaction.
Co-financing
Co-financing
ADB partners with other development organizations on some projects to increase the amount of funding available. In 2014, $9.2 billion—or nearly half—of ADB's $22.9 billion in operations were financed by other organizations. According to Jason Rush, Principal Communication Specialist, the Bank communicates with many other multilateral organizations.
Funds and resources
Funds and resources
More than 50 financing partnership facilities, trust funds, and other funds – totaling several billion each year – are administered by ADB and put toward projects that promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. ADB has raised Rupees 5 billion or around Rupees 5 billion from its issuance of 5-year offshore Indian rupee (INR) linked bonds. On 26 February 2020, ADB raises $118 million from rupee-linked bonds and supporting the development of India International Exchange in India, as it also contributes to an established yield curve which stretches from 2021 through 2030 with $1 billion of outstanding bonds.
2022 Annual Report
2022 Annual Report
The 2022 Annual Report details ADB's efforts in aiding its developing member countries to overcome the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, tackle new challenges like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and a severe food crisis, while also addressing climate change with significant financial commitments, including $6.7 billion for climate initiatives and a $14 billion package for food security. The ADB committed a total of $20.5 billion in various forms of assistance, including private sector financing, and fostered regional cooperation, with a focus on gender equality, education, healthcare, and unlocking additional resources through innovative financial mechanisms. The report also notes organizational reforms for increased efficacy, the adoption of a hybrid work model following the full reopening of its headquarters.
Access to information
Access to information
ADB has an information disclosure policy that presumes all information that is produced by the institution should be disclosed to the public unless there is a specific reason to keep it confidential. The policy calls for accountability and transparency in operations and the timely response to requests for information and documents. ADB does not disclose information that jeopardizes personal privacy, safety and security, certain financial and commercial information, as well as other exceptions.
Notable projects and technical assistance
Notable projects and technical assistance
• Afghanistan: Hairatan to Mazar-e-Sharif Railway Project • Armenia: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project • Bhutan: Green Power Development Project • India: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program; Agartala Municipal Infrastructure Development Project • Indonesia: Vocational Education Strengthening Project, Jakarta MRT Phase III • Laos: Northern and Central Regions Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project • Mongolia: Food and Nutrition Social Welfare Program and Project • Philippines: North–South Commuter Railway Extension Project (Malolos–Clark Railway Project and South Commuter Railway Project), jointly funded with Japan International Cooperation Agency; MRT Line 4; Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge, jointly funded by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; Laguna Lakeshore Road Network, jointly funded by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Export-Import Bank of Korea-Economic Development Cooperation Fund • Solomon Islands: Pacific Private Sector Development Initiative
Countries with the largest subscribed capital and voting rights
Countries with the largest subscribed capital and voting rights
The following table are amounts for 20 largest countries by subscribed capital and voting power at the Asian Development Bank as of December 2021. The 20 countries with the largest capital contribution and voting rights in the Asian Development Bank • Rank — Country — Subscribed capital (% of total) — Voting power (% of total) • World — 100.000 — 100.000 • 1 — 15.571 — 12.751 • 1 — 15.571 — 12.751 • 3 — 6.429 — 5.437 • 4 — 6.317 — 5.347 • 5 — 5.773 — 4.913 • 6 — 5.434 — 4.641 • 7 — 5.219 — 4.469 • 8 — 5.026 — 4.315 • 9 — 4.316 — 3.747 • 10 — 2.717 — 2.468 • 11 — 2.377 — 2.196 • 12 — 2.322 — 2.152 • 13 — 2.174 — 2.033 • 14 — 2.038 — 1.924 • 15 — 1.803 — 1.737 • 16 — 1.532 — 1.520 • 17 — 1.358 — 1.381 • 18 — 1.087 — 1.164 • 19 — 1.023 — 1.113 • 20 — 1.019 — 1.109 • All Remaining Members — 10.894 — 22.832
Members
Members
• Illustration — Asian Development Bank – Developing Member Countries (DMC) graduation stages ADB has 69 members (as of 27 September 2024): 50 members from the Asian and Pacific Region, and 18 members from Other Regions. The year listed after a member's name indicates the year of their membership. When a country no longer remains a member, the Bank shall arrange for the repurchase of such country's shares by the Bank as a part of the settlement of accounts with such country in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 43. • * Regional members — Date of accession * 1966 * Australia * Cambodia * India * Indonesia * Japan * Laos * Malaysia * Nepal * New Zealand * Pakistan * Philippines * Samoa * Singapore * South Korea * Sri Lanka * Taiwan * Thailand * Vietnam * 1969 * Fiji — 1970 * Papua New Guinea — 1971 * Tonga — 1972 * Burma — 1973 * Solomon Islands * Kiribati — 1974 * Cook Islands — 1976 * Maldives — 1978 * Vanuatu — 1981 * Bangladesh — 1973 * Bhutan — 1982 * China — 1986 * Federated States of Micronesia — 1990 * Marshall Islands * Mongolia — 1991 * Nauru * Turkey * Tuvalu — 1993 * Kazakhstan — 1994 * Kyrgyzstan * Uzbekistan — 1995 * Tajikistan — 1998 * Azerbaijan — 1999 * Turkmenistan — 2000 * Timor-Leste — 2002 * Palau — 2003 * Armenia — 2005 * Brunei Darussalam — 2006 * Georgia — 2007 * Niue — 2019 — * Nonregional members — Date of accession * Austria — 1966 * Belgium * Canada * Denmark * Finland * Germany * Italy * Netherlands * Norway * Sweden * United Kingdom * United States * Switzerland — 1967 * France — 1970 * Spain — 1986 * Portugal — 2002 * Luxembourg — 2003 * Ireland — 2006 * Israel — 2024
Foundation
Foundation
Asian Development Bank is described in the collections that hold this material as It is associated with Philippines. The record gives 1966 as its date of establishment or first appearance. Its recorded seat is Mandaluyong. The recorded field of activity is international governmental or non-governmental organizations and other credit granting.
Catalogued output
Writings and published texts
These are catalogued publications carrying the name — editions and printings, distinct from the works they contain and from writing about the subject. 199 further editions are catalogued under Asian Development Bank's name without a date the collections agree on, which is why they are set apart from the dated run rather than placed in it. A selection is set out below and the complete run may be opened beneath it. Proposed technical assistance (financed by the Gender and Development Cooperation Fund) for promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. Proposed technical assistance (financed by the Coopeartion Fund for the Water Sector) for promoting effective water management policies and practices--phase 3. Proposed technical assistance (cofinanced by the Poverty and Environment Fund) for the poverty and environment program. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) for supporting the sector approach and results-based management in ADB operations. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Australia) for the Asia Recovery Information Centre phase III. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Finland) to the Central Asian republics for capacity building in environmental information management systems in Central Asia. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for integrating environmental considerations into development policies, plans, and programs. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for the ASEAN+3 regional settlement linkage. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for infrastructure development in East Asia. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for better air quality management in Asia. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the South Asian subregional economic cooperation countries for regional air quality management. Technical assistance for capacity building for regional cooperation in Central Asia. Technical assistance for alternative negotiating arrangements to increase fisheries revenues in the Pacific. Technical assistance for strengthening the capacity of financial sector regulators and supervisors. Technical assistance for preparing the GMS power interconnection project, phase I. Technical assistance for improved management of shared water resources in Central Asia. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for strengthening regional networking for small and medium-sized enterprises in Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN growth area. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for preparing the subregional transport facilitation project. Technical assistance for improving the legal business environment in the Pacific Region. Technical assistance for preparing the subreginal transport connectivity project (India). Technical assistance for the development of domestic consultant services in developing member countries. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) for capacity building on selected WTO issues. Technical assistance (financed by the Governance Cooperation Fund) for civil society participation in budget formulation in the Pacific. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to Mongolia for preparing the third financial sector program. Technical assistance to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste for capacity building to strengthen public sector management and governance skills (phase II). Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of the Marshall Islands for preparing the youth social services project. Technical assistance to the Republic of Kiribati for supporting land use management on Kiritimati (Christmas) Island. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of the Philippines for institutional strengthening for the development of the natural gas industry. Technical assistance to the Republic of Maldives for capacity building for the national statistical system. Technical assistance to the Republic of Maldives for capacity building for regional development. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the United States) to the Federated States of Micronesia for strengthening of public sector management and administration. Technical assistance to the Federated States of Micronesia for the preparaton of a country economic report. Technical assistance to the Cook Islands for strengthening economic and development planning capacity. Technical assistance to the Cook Islands for legal and institutional strengthening of environmental management. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for preparing the financial markets governance program. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for strengthening capacities for poverty monitoring and evaluation. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Independent State of Samoa for preparing the Savai'i renewable energy project. Technical assistance to the Independent State of Samoa for supporting the Samoa schoolnet and community access pilot project. Technical assistance to the Independent State of Samoa for preparing the education sector project II. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Uzbekistan for preparing the third railway development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Uzbekistan for developing an integrated cadastre system for land resources management and property right registration. Technical assistance to the Republic of Uzbekistan for strengthening the policy and legal framework for foreign direct investment. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Spain) to the Republic of Tajikistan for strengthening corporate and financial governance reforms. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Finland) to the Republic of Tajikistan for institutional development for improved environmental strategic planning and policy. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Tajikistan for improving the accounting and financial management system of the subsidiaries of Barki Tajik. Technical assistance (financed by the Governance COoperation Fund) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for advisory assistance on small and medium-sized enterprise and private sector development. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for preparing the participatory livestock development program. Technical assistance to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for preparing the Greater Mekong Subregion. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Finland) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for preparing the Chong Kneas environmental improvement project. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for the participatory poverty assessment of the Tonle Sap. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for preparing the second education sector development program. Technical assistance to the Kingdom of Cambodia for formulating a master plan for national agricultural research. Proposed technical assistance to the Islamic State of Afghanistan for the support for public administration reform program. Technical assistance to the Islamic State of Afghanistan for institutional strengthening of the gas sector. Technical assistance to the Islamic State of Afghanistan for preparing the regional airports rehabilitation project. Technical assistance to the Islamic State of Afghanistan for capacity building in agriculture and natural resource management for programming, and aid management and coordination. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for developing the social security system. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for early childhood development for the poor. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the livelihood improvement in central costal provinces project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for capacity building for the financial sector and capital markets. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of Germany) to the Kingdom of Nepal for strengthening selected rural financial institutions. Technical assistance to the Kingdom of Nepal for strengthening performance-based management. Technical assistance to the Kingdom of Nepal for strengthening project implementation and quality assurance. Technical assistance to the Kingdom of Nepal for establishing economic policy network. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of Canada, the Government of the Netherlands, and the Government of the United Kingdom) to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for support to implementation of decentralization II. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the Netherlands) to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for preparing the Balochistan resource management program. Technical assistance to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for capacity building for rural development of the federally adminsitered tribal areas. Technical assistance to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for strengthening secured transactions. Technical assistance (financed by the National Poverty Reduction Strategies Fund) to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for poverty assessment and information management. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for preparing the basic social infrastructure development project. Technical assistance to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for preparing the private sector development program (subprogram II). Technical assistance to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for preparing the rural electrification and network expansion project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for preparing the Chhattīsgargh irrigation development sector project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for preparing the rural finance sector restructuring and development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for pension reforms for the unorganized sector. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for capacity building for fiscal reforms in Sikkim. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for capacity building for tax administration. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to India for preparing the inland waterway sector development program. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Indonesia for preparing the productivity enhancement for tree crops project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Indonesia for state-owned enterprise restructuring. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to the Republic of Indonesia for preparing the provincial small and medium industrial sector development project. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the United Kingdom) to the Republic of Indonesia for preparing the local grids development project. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of Denmark) to the People's Republic of China for renewable energy for poverty education. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for capacity strengthening of PRC's national development planning process. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Gansu roads development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for a fund for strategic policy conferences and studies for poverty reduction. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Jilin water supply and sewerage development project. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Henan wastewater management project. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for support to the review and planning for development of the legal and judicial system. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Shandong Hai River Basin pollution control project. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for poverty reduction in key forestry conservation programs. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for safe drinking water and sanitation for the rural poor. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for poverty reduction in grassland improvemnt program. Grant assistance (financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for reducing poverty among ethnic minority women in the Nam Ngum River Basin. Grant assistance (financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction) to the Kingdom of Cambodia and Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for improving poor farmers' livelihoods through postharvest technology. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) for developing tools for assessing the effectiveness of ADB operations in reducing poverty. Technical assistance for capacity building for implementing early warning systems in ASEAN+3 countries. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of Denmark) for enhancing gender and development capacity in developing member countries--phase 2. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Japan Special Fund and the Govermnent of the Netherlands) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the central region water resources sector project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for preparing the delivering natural resource and environmental management services sector project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Federated States of Micronesia for preparing the omnibus infrastructure development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for preparing the Chhattisgarh state roads sector development. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Spain) to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Fuzhou environmental imporvement project. Technical assistance to the Kyrgyz Republic for strengthening the capacity to manage and monitor externally assisted projects. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Canada) for the climate change adaptation program for the Pacific. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Japan Special Fund and Global Environmental Facility) for prevention and control of dust and sandstorms in Northeast Asia. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for transport services networks for the poor. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for strengthening the regulatory framework for water supply and sanitation. Technical assistance (financed by the Governance Cooperation Fund) for assessing community perspectives on governance in the Pacific. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the central region transport network project. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund adn the Government of the United Kingdom) to the Islamic Repulic of Pakistan for enhancing capacity for resource manangement and poverty reduction in Punjab. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for strengthening public debt management. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of Denmark) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for agriculture sector development support. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to Mongolia for preparing the third roads development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of the Philippines for preparing the program to accelerate small and medium enterprise financing. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of Italy) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the small- and medium-sized enterprise sector development program. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to Papua New Guinea for preparing the agriculture and rural development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to Papua New Guinea for preparing the health sector development program. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the Kunming-Haiphong transport corridor project. Technical assistance (cofinanced by the Governance Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for supporting good governance initiatives. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the People's Republic of China for preventing HIV/AIDS on road projects in Yunan Province. Technical assistance (financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for preventing poverty and empowering female garment workers affected by the changing international trade environment. Technical assistance (financed by the government of the United Kingdom) to India for preparing the Assam governance and public resource management program. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Tajikistan for preparing the water resources development and rehabilitation project. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Dali-Lijiang railway project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Nepal for preparing the market access and productivity growth for the private sector project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Bhutan for preparing the road network expansion project. Technical assistance (financed by the Canadian Cooperation Fund for Climate Change) to the Republic of Indonesia for carbon sequestration through the clean development mechanism. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for preparing the Chittagong port trade facilitation project. Technical assistance to the Republic of the Philippines for promoting good governance in the restructured power sector. Technical assistance to the Republic of Uzbekistan for institutional strengthening of the state commitee on demonopolization and competition development. Technical assistance for the 2003/04 seminars on capacity building for project implementation and administration. Technical assistance to the Republic of Indonesia for facilitating private sector participation in ports infrastructure under decentralization. Technical assistance to India for preparing the National Highways Sector II project. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for preparing the agribusiness development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to the Republic of Indonesia for preparing the sustainable aquaculture development for food security and poverty reduction project. Proposed technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the United Kingdom) for making markets work better for the poor. Technical assistance to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for preparing the public-private infrastructure financing facility. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for administration of justice. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the institutional capacity building of the National Transmission and Despatch Company Limited. Technical assistance to the Independent State of Samoa for the implementation of the Public Finance Management Act of 2001. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for Budget Procedure Reform, Computerization, and Expenditure Management (ASSAM). Grant assistance (financed from the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction) to Mongolia for expanding employment opportunities for poor disabled persons. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of France) to the Republic of Indonesia for the reform of water enterprises. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Indonesia for preparing the second decentralized health services project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for preparing the road network improvement and maintenance project II. Technical assistance (cofinanced from the Japan Special Fund and the Government of Italy) to the People's Republic of China for preparing the Ningxia roads development project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of United Kingdom) to India for conservation and livelihoods improvement in the Indian Sundarbans. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) for the Greater Mekong subregion telecommunications sector policy formulation and capacity building. Technical assistance (financed by the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for preparing the framework for microfinance development. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of France) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for the road map for power sector reform. Proposed technical assistance (cofinanced by the Government of the United Kingdom and the Japan Special Fund) to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for capacity building for central region poverty reduction. Technical assistance to the Independent State of Samoa for the implementation of state-owned enterprise reforms. Technical assistance (financed from the Asian Currency Crisis Support Facility) to the Republic of the Philippines for preparing the Metro Manila urban services for the poor project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to Papua New Guinea for the health sector review. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Nepal for preparing the community-managed irrigation (central and eastern basins) sector project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for capacity building for environment and social management in energy and transport. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for preparing the financial sector development program. Technical assistance to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for the institutional strengthening of the National Audit Office. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for preparing the roads for rural development project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Kazakhstan for preparing the early childhood and women's development project. Technical assistance (financed from the Asian Currency Crisis Support Facility) to the Republic of Indonesia for the regulatory framework for private and public water supply and wastewater enterprises. Technical assistance to India for preparing the Madhya Pradesh State Road Sector Development Project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of the United Kingdom) to India for preparing the integrated urban development in Madhya Pradesh project. Technical assistance to India for preparing the national highway corridor - public-private parnership - project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special fund) to East Timor for preparing the power sector development plan - phase I. Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for preparing the national guidelines for urban wastewater tariffs and management study. Proposed technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for preparing the northwest irrigation sector project. Technical assistance (financed by the Government of France) to the Kingdom of Cambodia for capacity building for banking and financial management. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the People's Republic of Bangladesh for preparing the primary education sector improvement project. Technical assistance (financed from the Japan Special Fund) to the Republic of Azerbaijan for preparing the urban water supply and sanitation project. Report and recommendation of the president to the board of directors on a proposed loan to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the second Red River basin sector project.
The entries follow Open Library
Natural resources management and sustainable livelihoods for women, 2-5 February 1998, Coral Coast, Fiji
Technical assistance for regional financial sector development
Technical assistance for the Pacific regional transport analysis
Technical assistance for the Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre 2003
Technical assistance for the Asian develoment outlook 2004
Technical assistance for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan natural gas pipeline project (phase II)
Technical assistance for subregional economic cooperation in South and Central Asia
Technical assistance for the South Asia subregional economic cooperation tourism develoment plan
Technical assistance for support for the Mekong River Commission flood management and mitigation program
Technical assistance for the eighth agriculture and natural resources research at international agricultural research centers
Technical assistance to Papua New Guinea for the establishment of pilot HIV/AIDS care centers
The complete catalogue · 27
The entries follow Open Library
Natural resources management and sustainable livelihoods for women, 2-5 February 1998, Coral Coast, Fiji
Technical assistance for regional financial sector development
Technical assistance for the Pacific regional transport analysis
Technical assistance for the Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre 2003
Technical assistance for the Asian develoment outlook 2004
Technical assistance for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan natural gas pipeline project (phase II)
Technical assistance for subregional economic cooperation in South and Central Asia
Technical assistance for the South Asia subregional economic cooperation tourism develoment plan
Technical assistance for support for the Mekong River Commission flood management and mitigation program
Technical assistance for the eighth agriculture and natural resources research at international agricultural research centers
Technical assistance to Papua New Guinea for the establishment of pilot HIV/AIDS care centers
Technical assistance to the Republic of Vanuatu for rural and microfinance outreach
Technical assistance to the Republic of the Philippines for the organizational development of the commission on higher education
Technical assistance to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for industrial environmental management
Technical assistance to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for the road sector master plan
Technical assistance to the Republic of Indonesia for the improvement of the administration of the Supreme Court
Technical assistance to the Republic of Indonesia for the subregional transport cooperation initiative
Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for advisory support for the national council for the social security fund
Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for policy and institutional support for social insurance administration
Technical assistance to the People's Republic of China for a foreign bank and risk management system
Pricing local currency loans in private sector operations
Technical assistance for the subregional corridor operational efficiency study in the South Asia subregion
Economic report and interim operational strategy for Turkmenistan
Technical assistance for the Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre
Proposed technical assistance for the sixth agriculture and natural resources research at CGIAR centers
Private sector operations
Criticism
Since the ADB's early days, critics have charged that the two major donors, Japan and the United States, have had extensive influence over lending, policy and staffing decisions. Oxfam Australia has criticized the Asian Development Bank for insensitivity to local communities. "Operating at a global and international level, these banks can undermine people's human rights through projects that have detrimental outcomes for poor and marginalized communities." The bank also received criticism from the United Nations Environmental Program, stating in a report that "much of the growth has bypassed more than 70 percent of its rural population, many of whom are directly dependent on natural resources for livelihoods and incomes." There had been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of oversight. One of the most controversial ADB-related projects is Thailand's Mae Moh coal-fired power station. Environmental and human rights activists say ADB's environmental safeguards policy as well as policies for indigenous peoples and involuntary resettlement, while usually up to international standards on paper, are often ignored in practice, are too vague or weak to be effective, or are simply not enforced by bank officials. The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in the food crisis. The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to deregulate and privatize agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia. Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $2.4 billion, the ADB has significantly dropped below that level in the years since and is clearly not on the path to achieving its stated goal of 50% of financings to the private sector by 2020. Critics also point out that the PSOD is the only department that actually makes money for the ADB. Hence, with the vast majority of loans going to concessionary (sub-market) loans to the public sector, the ADB is facing considerable financial difficulty and continuous operating losses.
Primary material
Documents and archives
institutional register
- Gemeinsame Normdatei 1019880-5, Asian Development Bank.
General reference · GND (German National Library)
- Internet Archive holdings naming Asian Development Bank
General reference · Internet Archive
reference work
- “Asian Development Bank”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
authority record
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q188822: Asian Development Bank
General reference · Wikidata
Where the work is held
Institutional memberships
Asian Development Bank is recorded as a member of Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities and International Household Survey Network. Membership is stated by the bodies' own records and is not read here as evidence of office or of any particular role within them.
Literature
Further cited scholarship
7 scholarly and reference publications are cited here, each one identified by title and by the publication, publisher or institution that carried it, with its year where the register states one. The cited literature runs from 2017 to 2025, which is a measure of how long Asian Development Bank has been a subject of scholarship rather than of how much has been written. The Encyclopedia cites this literature and does not summarise the arguments of works it has not read in full.
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2024, 2025
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2022, 2023
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2021, 2022
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2019, 2021
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2019, 2020
Asian Development Bank�Japan Scholarship Program, 2019
Asian Development Bank–Japan Scholarship Program Annual Report 2016, 2017
Citations
References
Each reference names the institution holding it, so a reader may go to the document itself.
reference work
Secondary witnessinstitutional register
Gemeinsame Normdatei 1019880-5, Asian Development Bank.GND (German National Library)
Secondary witnessinstitutional register
Internet Archive holdings naming Asian Development BankInternet Archive
Secondary witnessauthority record
General reference
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