Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie

The following three volumes were published posthumously. The work was also translated into English under the title Twelve Years in Upper Ethiopia and into Amharic under the name በኢትዮጵያ ከፍተኛ ተራሮች ቆይታዬ.

• Name — Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie • Born — 24 July 1815 • Birthplace — Dublin, Ireland • Place of death — Ciboure, France • Citizenship — France • Field — Explorer, Geographer

Arnaud's father, Michel Arnauld d'Abbadie (1772–1832), hailed from an ancient family of lay abbots in Arrast, a commune in the canton of Mauléon. In 1791, to escape the repercussions of the French Revolution, Michel emigrated, first to Spain and later to England and Ireland, where he became a shipowner, specializing in the importation of Spanish wines. On 18 July 1807, he married Eliza Thompson of Park (1779–1865), the daughter of a doctor, in Thurles, County Tipperary. Arnaud d'Abbadie, born in Dublin on 24 July 1815, was the fourth child and second son in a family of six siblings: • Elisa (1808–1875); • Antoine (1810–1896); • Celina (1811–1894), • Arnaud (1815–1893); • Julia (1820–1900); • Charles Jean (1821–1901). In 1820, Michel returned to France and obtained royal permission from Louis XVIII to append d’Arrast to the family name, becoming d’Abbadie d’Arrast.

Like his elder brother Antoine, Arnaud was educated at home by a governess until the age of 12, when he enrolled at the Lycée Henri IV in Paris. Gifted with a remarkable aptitude for languages, Arnaud became fluent in English, Latin, and Greek during his formative years. • Illustration — Audaux - the château At the age of seventeen, Arnaud d’Abbadie was intrigued by Freemasonry after hearing his friends describe it as a benevolent society devoted to philanthropy. Curiosity led him to seek affiliation. However, during the initiation ceremony, he was asked to swear an oath of secrecy to safeguard the sect’s secrets. This pivotal moment brought a sudden revelation: “If these men hide, it must be because they are guilty. Only those ashamed of their actions flee the light,” he thought. Declining to make what he deemed an imprudent promise, he turned away from the organization. When the time came to decide on a path for his future, Arnaud instinctively gravitated toward a military career. During that era, the conquest of Algeria seized public attention, and the young man was inflamed with the desire to participate in the campaign. However, his mother’s resolve restrained him. A fervent patriot, though French by marriage, she was the last direct descendant of the Thomson of Park family and could not bear the thought of her son pursuing a path that might one day require him to take up arms against England. To steer him away from such aspirations, she sent Arnaud to his ancestral homeland in the Basque Country, where exile had only briefly interrupted the enduring legacy of his lineage. There, he became deeply enamored with his heritage: he mastered its language, immersed himself in its traditions, and explored its lands extensively. He lived with his brother Antoine at the castle of Audaux. Civil war had just erupted in Spain. At the head of the Carlist troops, Zumalacárregui was making Europe resound with the echoes of his exploits. Each night, crowds of French Basques crossed the border to join their Spanish brethren. Arnaud was about to enlist when a friend, a French army officer, invited him to join him in Algeria. Arnaud accepted and enrolled in General Clauzel’s troops in 1833. There, he faced the harsh realities of arid mountains, desert, deprivation, and danger. However, to his great regret, he did not participate in any military operations, as his role was solely administrative. The news of the capture of Constantine, at the assault on which he had wished to be present, only deepened his disappointment. He left Africa and embarked for France. Since filial respect forbade him from serving his country under arms, Arnaud resolved instead to contribute to the advancement of science. Aware of his elder brother’s intention to explore Abyssinia, he decided to join the expedition, driven by the shared ambition of locating the sources of the Nile.

Antoine and Arnaud spent twelve years exploring Abyssinia, a region that remained largely unknown to Europeans in the nineteenth century, even as Africa increasingly became the focus of exploration. At the time, European expeditions were often confined to major rivers, leaving vast areas uncharted. The Horn of Africa, particularly the Harar-Mogadishu-Cape Guardafui, was a blank space on maps as late as 1840. Similarly, the geography, geodesy, geology, and ethnography of much of the continent were still shrouded in mystery. • Illustration — Arnauld d'Abbadie The challenges were immense. Abyssinia’s provinces spanned over 300,000 square kilometers, presenting a vast and complex terrain. The political landscape was equally precarious: wars were frequent, and allies could swiftly turn into enemies. Historians refer to this turbulent period as the Era of Princes, or Zemene Mesafint. Endemic diseases such as typhus, leprosy, and ophthalmia posed constant threats. Adding to these hardships were the suspicions of colonial powers, as the British, Italians, Germans, and Turks all suspected the d’Abbadie brothers of engaging in espionage under the guise of scientific exploration. Arnaud's head is put up for a bounty: 500 pounds by Lord Palmerston, Queen Victoria's Foreign Secretary. Despite these obstacles, the brothers pursued distinct yet complementary objectives. Arnaud, an ethnologist, focused on studying the diverse peoples he encountered, meticulously documenting their cultures, customs, and ways of life. Antoine, meanwhile, concentrated on locating the sources of the Nile, mapping the country, and conducting geodetic and astronomical measurements. His innovative techniques produced maps that were unmatched in accuracy until the advent of aerial and satellite photography. To navigate the complexities of Abyssinia, the brothers understood the necessity of thorough preparation. Before departing from France, they gathered extensive knowledge about the country’s customs, traditions, and political climate.

The two brothers displayed markedly different personalities. Antoine, the scientist, was the more conciliatory of the two, achieving his objectives through perseverance and patience. Adopting the persona of an Ethiopian scholar, or memhir, he dressed in traditional attire and walked barefoot, as sandals were reserved for lepers and Jews. His dedication to cultural assimilation earned him the title "the man of the book." Arnaud, by contrast, was flamboyant and bold, distinguishing himself through his dynamic interactions with princes and warlords. He participated in battles, often risking his life, and forged deep ties with influential figures. Among them was Dejazmach Goshu, prince of Gojjam, who regarded Arnaud as a son. Known as "Ras Mikael," Arnaud became both a trusted confidant and a key figure in the political and military affairs of the region. • Illustration — Arnauld d’Abbadie d’Arrast "Ras Mikael" In 1987 the historian, jurist, linguist and high Ethiopian official Berhanou Abebe published verses, distiches from the Era of Princes which refer to Arnaud ("ras Mikael"): "I have not even provisions to offer them, / Let the earth devour me in the place of the men of ras Mikael. / Is it an oversight of the embosser or the lack of bronze / That the scabbard of Mikael's saber has no ornamentation?. For tactical reasons, Arnaud and Antoine traveled separately and spent limited time together, although they maintained regular correspondence. They united their efforts for the Ennarea expedition into Oromo territory, aiming to uncover the source of the White Nile. Typically, Arnaud took the lead in laying the groundwork, making initial visits and establishing connections with local lords. Once these relationships were secured, Antoine worked discreetly, gathering crucial information on Ethiopia’s geography, geology, archaeology, and natural history. This complementary approach allowed them to navigate the complexities of their mission with greater effectiveness. Their extensive exploration concluded with their return to France in early 1849.

On 26 July 1850 Antoine and Arnaud received the gold medal of the Société de Géographie. On September 27, 1850, the two brothers were made knights of the Legion of Honor.

Arnaud returned to France with a clear objective: the realization of his ambitious project to reconstruct the ancient Christian empire of Ethiopia, with Dejazmach Goshu as its leader. He presented his proposal to the French government through the Duke of Bassano. The response was favorable, and although Arnaud was not granted an official diplomatic mission, he was entrusted with delivering gifts to Dejazmach Goshu on behalf of France to foster an alliance. However, honoring a request from his mother, Arnaud pledged not to cross the Tekezé River—a tributary of the Black Nile located along the western border of Tigray—so that he could maintain an accessible route to the sea for his return to France. Unfortunately, Goshu was located on the opposite side of the Tekezé, in Gojjam, making it impossible for Arnaud to meet him without breaking his promise. Despite this limitation, Arnaud and Goshu maintained a prolific correspondence, exchanging numerous letters. Arnaud, however, remained resolutely committed to his oath and refrained from crossing the river. In November 1852, the Battle of Gur Amba ended with the death of Dejazmach Goshu and the triumph of Kassa Hailu, who would later come to power as Emperor Tewodros II. For Arnaud, this event was a devastating blow. He had not only lost a close friend but also seen his hopes of restoring a Christian empire in Ethiopia extinguished. Overwhelmed by despair, he returned to France at the end of December 1852. Arnaud’s final attempt to strengthen ties between France and Ethiopia took place during the 1860s, a period marked by escalating tensions in the region. The British had established a formidable presence in Sudan, Aden, and Somalia, heightening the likelihood of a confrontation with Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia. Recognizing the strategic importance of Ethiopia, Arnaud sought an audience with Napoleon III to advocate for French involvement. He presented a case highlighting the potential benefits France could offer Ethiopia and the advantages of a Franco-Ethiopian alliance. Although Napoleon III received Arnaud courteously and listened attentively, he ultimately declined to take action, citing France’s obligations under existing alliances with England. Arnaud’s hopes of fostering cooperation were thus thwarted. In 1868, a British military expedition was launched against Ethiopia, culminating in the tragic conclusion of Emperor Tewodros II’s reign with his suicide.

Arnaud married Elisabeth West Young, an American and the daughter of Robert West Young (1805–1880), a physician, and Anne Porter Webb. • Illustration — Ciboure - château d'Elhorriaga They had nine children: • Anne Elisabeth (1865–1918); • Michel Robert (1866–1900); • Thérèse (1867–1945); • Ferdinand Guilhem (1870–1915) • Marie-Angèle (1871–1955); • Camille Arnauld (1873–1968); • Jéhan Augustin (1874–1912); • Martial (1878–1914); • Marc Antoine (1883–1914). In Paris, Arnaud hosted a salon at his residence on the rue de Grenelle, which became a regular meeting place for intellectual and educated individuals. Despite the prestige associated with such gatherings, Arnaud held a deep aversion to worldliness and ultimately decided to leave Paris. Seeking a quieter life, he relocated with his family to the Basque Country, where he commissioned the construction of the château of Elhorriaga in Ciboure. The castle was designed by the architect Lucien Cottet. During the Second World War, the castle was requisitioned and occupied by the Wehrmacht. It was demolished in 1985 to make way for a real estate development project.

• Illustration — Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie in Ethiopian clothes a few months before his death in 1893 In Ciboure he quickly gained a reputation as a charitable man, but always remained discreet. The first volume of the account of travels in Ethiopia was published by Arnauld in 1868 under the title Twelve years in Upper Ethiopia. It recounts the period 1837–1841. The next three volumes were not published during his lifetime. Volume 1 was translated for the first time in 2016 into the Amharic language, Volume 2 in 2020 and volume 3 in 2025 under the title "በኢትዮጵያ ከፍተኛ ተራሮች ቆይታዬ" (My stay in the high mountains of Ethiopia). Arnaud died on 8 November 1893; he is buried in the cemetery of Ciboure. The photograph in Ethiopian clothes was taken shortly before his death. The memory of "Ras Mikael" remained alive in Ethiopia for a long time, indeed Emperor Menelik II referred to him: […] "He had, in his person, made to love the France. And if we have sympathies among this people today, the old men and Menelik himself will tell you the reason: "We have not forgotten Ras Mikael..." "..