Area 88

He is determined to earn $1.5 million to buy his way out of the obligation and return home, and killing becomes second nature to him as he quickly rises to the top rank at Area 88. Overwrought with shame and self-loathing for what he has become, Shin begins to question whether he is still fighting for survival, or, like his fellow mercenaries, for the sheer excitement and camaraderie of battle. Among the first three manga to be translated into English and published in North America. It had been adapted into an OVA in 1985, a video game in 1989 (released in North America as U.N. Squadron), and a 12-episode anime television series in 2004. It is also a brand of model aircraft in Japan. While it appeals to aviation fans for its realistic depictions of aircraft and aerial combat, it has also been critically acclaimed for its strong character development and Shintani's poignant storytelling, combining action, tragedy, romance, and comedy. In 1984, the manga received the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen.

• Portal — yes

• Type — tv series • Director — Isamu Imakake • Producer — Ryōsuke Takahashi • Writer — Hiroshi Ōnogi • Music — Kazunori Miyake • Studio — Group TAC • Network — TV Asahi, Animax • First — January 8, 2004 • Last — March 25, 2004 • Episodes — 12 • Episode List — List of Area 88 episodes

• Type — ova • Director — Hisayuki Toriumi • Producer — Yuji Nunokawa • Writer — Akiyoshi Sakai • Music — Ichiro Nitta • Studio — Studio Pierrot • First — February 5, 1985 • Last — August 15, 1986 • Runtime — 55 minutes (ep. 1) 48 minutes (ep. 2) 97 minutes (ep. 3) • Episodes — 3 (Japanese ver. version) 2 (International ver. version)

• Type — manga • Author — Kaoru Shintani • Publisher — Shogakukan • Magazine — Shōnen Big Comic • First — 1979 • Last — 1986 • Volumes — 23 • Volume List — #Manga

• Name — Area 88 • Ja Kanji — エリア88 • Ja Romaji — Eria Hachijū-Hachi • Genre — Action, military, slice of life

Area 88 takes place in the fictional Middle Eastern kingdom of Aslan (alternatively transcribed as "Asran"). The government uses mercenary fighter pilots, stationed at the desert airbase Area 88, to fight its war and pays them for each enemy aircraft shot down. Each pilot's contract lasts three years; early cancellation costs $1.5 million. Deserting Area 88 is considered a capital offense punished by death. The story follows ace pilot Shin Kazama as he attempts to serve out his contract to return to his fiancée in Japan. As the war progresses, Shin must face his shifting acceptance of the violence that fills his days. Among his compatriots at Area 88 are: Mickey Simon, a United States Navy veteran of the Vietnam War; McCoy, a greedy weapons dealer who sells the pilots everything they need; photojournalist Goh "Rocky" Mutsugi (Makoto Shinjou in the TV series); Danish pilot Greg Gates; and Lt. Colonel Saki Vashtar, a member of Aslan's royal family and the commander of Area 88. Shin's past is told through flashbacks during the story. He and his best friend, Satoru Kanzaki, were up-and-coming airline pilots for Yamato Airlines, and Shin had started a relationship with the CEO's daughter, Ryoko Tsugumo. Envious of Shin's success, Satoru tricked him into signing the contract that landed him in Area 88. While Shin fights in the bloody war, Satoru courts Ryoko and rises through the ranks of Yamato Airlines. Ryoko discovers Shin is still alive through one of Goh's/Makoto's photos and resolves to find him.

While each version of Area 88 shared the same basic premise and some story arcs, they each had key differences, most notably in the endings. The original manga ending showed Shin returning to Japan, but having lost all memory of Area 88. The English-language version published by Eclipse Comics was left unfinished. In the three-episode OVA adaptation from 1985, Shin was discharged from service to escort the king of Aslan to Paris in exile. Despite being free and making contact with Ryoko, Shin flies back to Aslan, having changed in his time at Area 88. His ultimate fate is left uncertain. The 2004 TV series truncated the story to just after Shin lost his F-5E. In this version, Makoto, the photojournalist, was originally sent to Area 88 by Satoru to capture a photo of Shin dying to prove his death to Ryoko. Shin survives the events of the series and Makoto, swayed to help Shin, returns to Japan and derails Satoru's plot to marry Ryoko.

Many real-life aircraft are featured in the series, including combat, civilian, and experimental aircraft. • Attackers • A-1 Skyraider • A-4E/F Skyhawk • RA-5C Vigilante • A-6E Intruder • A-7E Corsair II • A-10A Thunderbolt II • OV-10A Bronco • Sea Harrier FRS Mk.1 • AV-8A Harrier II • SEPECAT Jaguar • Blackburn Buccaneer • Yak-38 Forger • Cargo aircraft • C-1 Trader • C-47 Skytrain • C-130E Hercules • Fighters and interceptors • Dassault Mirage F1 • Dassault Mirage 2000 • English Electric Lightning • F-4J/E Phantom II • F-5A/E Freedom Fighter/Tiger II • F-8E Crusader • F-14A Tomcat • F-15A Eagle • F-16A Fighting Falcon • F-20A Tigershark • F-104G Starfighter • F-105D Thunderchief • F-100D Super Sabre • RF-101C Voodoo • F-111 Aardvark • F/A-18A Hornet • Fiat G.91 • IAI Kfir • J35F Draken • Su-33 Flanker • MiG-17 Fresco • MiG-19 Farmer • MiG-21 Fishbed • MiG-23 Flogger • MiG-27D Flogger • Grumman X-29 • Patrol aircraft • E-2 Hawkeye • S-2 Tracker • S-3 Viking • Trainers • T-6 Texan • T-38 Talon • Bombers • B-1 Lancer • B-52 Stratofortress • Tu-95 'Bear' • Civilian • McDonnell Douglas MD-11 • Boeing 747 • Learjet • Cessna 150 • Cessna 172 • Helicopters • AH-1 Cobra • AH-64 Apache • CH-53 Sea Stallion • CH-54 Tarhe • UH-1 Iroquois • SA-341 Gazelle • SH-3 Sea King • OH-6 Cayuse • Bell 206 Jetranger

The original Japanese manga of Area 88 was serialized in 23 volumes between 1979 and 1986 by Shogakukan. Each volume was black and white with a painted color cover and contained several short stories called "missions". In all, there were 172 such missions across the 23 volumes. Shōnen Sunday later repackaged the 23 volumes into ten thick books under its Wide Volume product line. Area 88, along with Mai, the Psychic Girl and The Legend of Kamui, was one of the first three manga to be translated to English and published in North America by Eclipse Comics and VIZ Media in May 1987. It was published bi-weekly with each issue containing a single mission, of which the editors had planned to release all 172. The first 28 issues featured covers from the original manga plus some original artwork by Shintani, but as these resources were limited, the covers of issues #29–36 featured stills from the OVA film. With issue #37 in December 1988, VIZ Media took over the series, and in addition to featuring photographs of actual fighter jets on the cover, the publication went from bi-weekly to monthly and the price from $1.50 to $1.75. The series did not adjust well to the dramatic change, and with issue #42 in May 1989, without resolving the storyline, it was canceled. It was later run as a feature in Viz's Animerica magazine (Vol. 1, No. 8 – Vol. 3, No. 2), but only lasted until January 1995 without the series being completed. • Shogakukan (Shonen Big Comics, 1979–1986) • Vol. — Japanese release date — Japanese ISBN • 01 — 1979 11 05 • 02 — 1980 02 05 • 03 — 1980 06 05 • 04 — 1980 09 05 • 05 — 1980 12 05 • 06 — 1981 06 05 • 07 — 1981 09 05 • 08 — 1982 01 05 • 09 — 1982 04 05 • 10 — 1982 08 05 • 11 — 1982 11 05 • 12 — 1983 04 05 • 13 — 1983 08 05 • 14 — 1983 12 05 • 15 — 1984 05 05 • 16 — 1984 09 05 • 17 — 1984 12 05 • 18 — 1985 04 05 • 19 — 1985 07 05 • 20 — 1985 10 05 • 21 — 1986 01 05 • 22 — 1986 08 05 • 23 — 1986 09 05 • Shogakukan (Shonen Big Comics Wide-ban, 1979–1986) • Vol. — Japanese release date — Japanese ISBN • 01 — 1992 04 16 • 02 — 1992 06 16 • 03 — 1992 08 08 • 04 — 1992 10 • 05 — 1992 12 12 • 06 — 1993 02 16 • 07 — 1993 04 • 08 — 1993 06 16 • 09 — 1993 08 09 • 10 — 1993 10 16 • Scola (Scola Manga Bunko, 1994) • Vol. — Japanese release date — Japanese ISBN • 01 — 1994 09 • 02 — 1994 09 • 03 — 1994 09 • 04 — 1994 09 • 05 — 1994 09 • 06 — 1994 09 • 07 — 1994 09 • 08 — 1994 11 • 09 — 1994 11 • 10 — 1994 11 • 11 — 1994 11 • 12 — 1994 11 • 13 — 1994 11 • Media Factory (MF Bunko, 1999–2000) • Vol. — Japanese release date — Japanese ISBN • 01 — 1999 11 • 02 — 1999 11 • 03 — 1999 11 • 04 — 1999 11 • 05 — 1999 12 • 06 — 1999 12 • 07 — 1999 12 • 08 — 2000 01 • 09 — 2000 01 • 10 — 2000 01 • 11 — 2000 02 • 12 — 2000 02 • 13 — 2000 02 • Kadokawa/Media Factory (MF Comics, 2003–2004) • Vol. — Japanese release date — Japanese ISBN • 01 — 2003 09 30 • 02 — 2003 09 30 • 03 — 2003 10 23 • 04 — 2003 10 23 • 05 — 2003 11 22 • 06 — 2003 11 22 • 07 — 2003 12 22 • 08 — 2003 12 22 • 09 — 2004 01 23 • 10 — 2004 01 23 • 11 — 2004 02 23 • 12 — 2004 02 23 • 13 — 2004 03 23

• Area 88: Act I: Blue Skies of Betrayal (1985, VHS/LD; 1992, VHS; July 14, 2000, DVD) • Area 88: Act II: The Requirements of Wolves (1985, VHS/LD; 1992, VHS) • Area 88: Act III: Burning Mirage (1986, VHS/LD; 1992, VHS) • Area 88: Original OVA Series (July 25, 2006, DVD)

An updated 12-episode anime television series with CG graphics, produced by TV Asahi, Animax, Group TAC and Media Factory, began production in 2003 and premiered across Japan on TV Asahi and the anime satellite television network, Animax from 8 January 2004 to 5 March 2004, which later aired the series across its other respective networks worldwide, including Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, South Asia, South Korea, Taiwan, and other regions. The series featured the work of several prominent contemporary trance music artists during combat scenes, such as Rank 1, DJ Tiësto, and Svenson & Gielen; official materials called these scenes the "highlight of the work". ADV Films licensed the series for North American distribution, releasing the series across the region, with the first DVD volume release being published on June 22, 2005 and the last volume being released on January 17, 2006. The DVD release notably removed the licensed trance music, replacing it with a handful of original compositions by Miyake Kazunori reused across the series. For the release of the English dub to English-speaking countries, the ADR team at ADV Films sought the assistance of Capt. Kevin "Dumpster" Divers, a USAF officer, to ensure that dialogue had proper Air Force jargon.

A shoot 'em up video game by Capcom was released in the arcades in 1989. It was released in the West as UN Squadron. Ports were released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Super NES and ZX Spectrum. In the game, the player could choose either Shin, Mickey, or Greg as the pilot to play. Each came with a different plane and various advantages; for example, Mickey could handle air-to-air dogfights well while Greg excelled at air-to-ground attacks. Each pilot also had special abilities; Shin mastered normal weaponry at the highest speed, Mickey inflicted extra damage with his armaments, and Greg recovered from attacks almost before they occurred. The Super NES release offered six fighter planes, with the F-8 Crusader as the default aircraft. The game also included various elements from the series, such as the land carrier. In 1995, Family Soft produced two Area 88 games for the PC-9801. An October 2014 crossover event took place in Ace Combat Infinity where aircraft and emblems used by the main characters of Area 88 were added to the game. These included Shin's F-5 and F-20, Mickey's F-14, Greg's A-10, and Kim's AV-8.

Two special board games based on the franchise were released in the 1980s, but as so-called "Coterie" games, which are preordered editions and only go on limited sale at Japan's Game Market trade show. With mechanics based on the GDW board game Imperium, the Area 88 in Desert War and Peace in the Aslan Kingdom have the game counters, instructions and battle map (a fictional representation of the Sinai Peninsula) printed in standard bond paper, with players left to cut up the counters and attach them and the map in cardstock.

A line of Area 88 model kits was also produced, which are basically aircraft that are painted as they appeared in the series. Takara released a 1/100 line of aircraft kits, each with a 1/24 pilot figure in the early 1980s to coincide with the original manga stories. Kits included Shin's Crusader, F-5G Tiger II and F-20 Tigershark, Mickey's F-100 and F-14, Saki's Kfir, Greg's A-10, and two planes from the Counter-Governmental Air Force—a Yak-36 Forger and a MiG-27 Flogger-D. The first release of 1/144 kits by Hasegawa in the early 1990s consisted of Mickey's F-14, Shin's F-8 and F-5, Seilane Balnock's Harrier, and Saki Vashtar's Kfir. Each kit had a 1/12 scale figure of the pilot in resin while the 1/144 plane kits were styrene plastic tooled up by Dragon models in Hong Kong. The third wave, released by Hasegawa in 1996, featured 1/72 kits of the same jets, but this time Hasegawa's own kit moldings were used. They comprised Saki's Kfir, Gregg's A-10, Shin's F-8, F-20, X-29 and Draken, and Mickey's F-14. Hasegawa also produced a 1/48 two-pack set in line with the 2004 TV series, consisting of Shin's F-8 and Mickey's F-14, plus a DVD. From January 2004 to December 2005, trading figure company The Other Corp released a line of 1/144 gashapon miniatures of various modern military aircraft that are painted as according to their actual appearance in the series, despite one of the offerings—the Su-47 Berkut—never having appeared at all.

• Area 88 Opening Theme: Mission - Fuga