Anne Carroll Moore

Moore wrote the novel Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story, one of two runners-up for the 1925 Newbery Medal.

Anne Carroll Moore studied at Pratt Institute. The recorded working language is English. Employment is recorded with Pratt Institute and New York Public Library. Works named in the authority record are Nicholas; A Manhattan Christmas Story. Distinctions recorded are Library Hall of Fame and Regina Medal.

• Name — Anne Carroll Moore • Birth Name — Annie Carroll Moore • Born — July 12, 1871 • Birthplace — Limerick, Maine, US • Died — 20 January 1961 • Place of death — New York City, US • Other Names — ACM • Known for — Pioneer children's librarian and book critic

Moore was born in Limerick, Maine. She had seven older brothers and was the only surviving daughter of Luther Sanborn and Sarah Barker Moore. She described her childhood as a happy one and wrote about growing up in My Roads to Childhood. Moore began her formal education at the Limerick Academy in Maine. She then attended a two-year college, The Bradford Academy in Massachusetts. She was very close to her father and hoped to follow in his footsteps as a lawyer, despite the biases of her era. The death of both her parents and a sister-in-law made her plans to become a lawyer unattainable. Her brother suggested that she consider the emerging profession of librarian, so Moore applied to the Pratt Institute Library in Brooklyn, where she was accepted into the one-year program (1895) under Mary Wright Plummer.

In 1896, Moore graduated from Pratt, and accepted an offer to organize a children's room at that same institute, partly due to a paper which Lutie E. Stearns had presented at the 1894 meeting of the American Library Association (ALA), "Report on the Reading of the Young". Up to this point children had usually been considered a nuisance in library settings, and often were excluded from libraries until they were at least 14 years of age. As part of her research into the proposed children's room, Moore visited kindergartens (also a new concept at the time), toured various ethnic neighborhoods in the area, and even questioned children whom she encountered on the street. Moore then set out to create a welcoming space for children with child-sized furniture, open stacks, cozy reading nooks, story times, puppet shows, summer programming, quality juvenile literature and perhaps most importantly, librarians committed to working with children. When Moore opened the children's room it drew a line of children circling the block awaiting entry. In 1900, she attended a meeting of the American Library Association (ALA) and helped to organize the Club of Children's Librarians. She served as the Club's first chair. This club later became the ALA Children's Services Division (now the Association for Library Service to Children). • Illustration — Moore at the New York Public Library in 1914 Moore remained at the Pratt library for ten years. In 1906, she moved to the New York Public Library, having accepted the position of Superintendent of the Department of Work with Children, which Director John Shaw Billings had offered to her. This rather unwieldy title placed her in charge of children's programming at all NYPL branches as well as overseeing the Central Children's Room, which opened in 1911. Moore also developed a training program for children's services staff: the "Qualification Test for the Children's Librarian Grade". This six-month program included practical training, readings and discussion. She organized hundreds of story times, compiled a list of 2500 Standard Titles in Children's Literature, and she lobbied for and received permission to loan books to children. The children were required to sign a ledger promising to treat books respectfully, and to return them; "When I write my name in this book I promise to take good care of the books I use in the Library and at home, and to obey the rules of the Library." She also initiated a policy of inclusion, celebrating the ethnic diversity of her patrons through story times, poetry readings and books that celebrated the various backgrounds of recent immigrants to the city. She believed her job was to provide, "to the children of foreign parentage a feeling of pride in the beautiful things of the country his parents have left." By 1913, children's books accounted for a third of all the volumes borrowed from the New York Public Library's branches.

Moore developed a set of standards that she called "The Four Respects": • Respect for children. She wanted children to be treated as individuals and to be treated seriously. • Respect for children's books. Moore was adamant that books for children should be well-written, factually accurate and should not mix fact and fantasy. • Respect for fellow workers. She insisted that the children's library be viewed as an integral and equal part of the complete library. • Respect for the professional standing of children's librarians. Moore felt that the profession must recognize children's librarianship as a professional specialty.

Moore credited two women as her most influential mentors, Mary Wright Plummer (the library director at Pratt) and Caroline Hewins, both pioneers in the development of specialized children's library services. Throughout her career, Moore surrounded herself with talented librarians, storytellers and writers. She mentored in turn many significant authors of children's literature, including Margaret McElderry, children's editor and publisher; Eleanor Estes, winner of the 1952 Newbery Medal and three-time runner-up; Claire Huchet Bishop, author of The Five Chinese Brothers; Marcia Brown, winner of three Caldecott Medals for illustration; and Ruth Hill Viguers, editor of The Horn Book. Several librarians published books that developed from their story times at the New York Public Library Children's Room during Moore's tenure, including Mary Gould Davis, Anna Cogswell Tyler and Pura Belpré. Moore hired Pura Belpré, the first Puerto Rican Librarian in New York City, in 1929. Because the Central Children's Room of the New York Public Library was privately funded, Moore was allowed greater freedom in her hiring practices. She believed in hiring employees that would relate to the communities to which they would be serving. Frances Clarke Sayers, her successor described them as, "young women with unusual gifts, aptitudes, manifold backgrounds, and varied educational experiences." In 1937, Moore hired Augusta Baker, a young African-American librarian, for the Harlem branch at 135th Street. Augusta Baker later became head of children's services at the New York Public Library in 1961. Moore became good friends with fellow library pioneer Valfrid Palmgren, sent by the Swedish government in 1907 to study public libraries in the United States. Moore later visited the Stockholm Children's Library which Palmgren founded and wrote about it in Library Journal. Palmquist referred to Moore as an inspiration and the two kept in contact until Moore's death.

With Franklin K. Mathieus, chief librarian for the Boy Scouts of America and Frederic G. Melcher, editor of Publishers Weekly, Moore founded "Children's Book Week" in 1918.