Alphonse de Lamartine

During the revolutionary year of 1848 he served as Foreign Minister and frequently worked to ease tensions between the government and the working class. He was a candidate in the 1848 French presidential election but lost to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. After the election, he retired from political life.

The recorded working language is French. Subjects and genres recorded for the work are poetry. Places of work recorded in the authority are Paris. Residence is recorded at rue de l'Université. Positions recorded include member of the French National Assembly and seat 7 of the Académie française. Works named in the authority record are Graziella, Voyage en Orient, Poetical Meditations, The Death of Socrates and Harmonies poetiques et religieuses. Work by Alphonse de Lamartine is recorded in the collections of Geldersch Landschap en Kasteelen, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam and Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Distinctions recorded are Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Joseph and Knight of the Legion of Honour.

• Name — Alphonse de Lamartine • Office — Member of the National Assembly for Saône-et-Loire • Term Start — 8 July 1849 • Term End — 2 December 1851 • Predecessor — Charles Rolland • Successor — End of the Second Republic • Constituency — Mâcon • Office1 — Minister of Foreign Affairs • Prime Minister1 — Jacques-Charles Dupont • Term Start1 — 24 February 1848 • Term End1 — 11 May 1848 • Predecessor1 — François Guizot (also Prime Minister) • Successor1 — Jules Bastide • Office2 — Member of the National Assembly for Bouches-du-Rhône • Term Start2 — 4 May 1848 • Term End2 — 26 May 1849 • Predecessor2 — New constituency • Successor2 — Joseph Marcellin Rulhières • Constituency2 — Marseille • Office3 — Member of the Chamber of Deputies for Saône-et-Loire • Term Start3 — 4 November 1837 • Term End3 — 24 February 1848 • Predecessor3 — Claude-Louis Mathieu • Successor3 — Charles Rolland • Constituency3 — Mâcon • Office4 — Member of the Chamber of Deputies for Nord • Term Start4 — 7 January 1833 • Term End4 — 3 October 1837 • Predecessor4 — Paul Lemaire • Successor4 — Louis de Hau de Staplande • Constituency4 — Bergues • Birth Name — Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine • Born — 21 October 1790 • Birthplace — Mâcon, Burgundy, Kingdom of France • Died — 28 February 1869 • Place of death — Paris, French Empire • Party — Social Party (France) (1833–1837) Third Party (France) (1837–1848) Moderate Republican (1848–1851) • Education — Belley College • Occupation — * Writer • Poet Politicians

Born in Mâcon, Burgundy, on 21 October 1790, into a family of the French provincial nobility, Lamartine spent his youth at the family estate. In his youth he read Fénelon, Voltaire, Parny, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Racine, Tasso, Dante, Petrarch, Mme de Staël, Shakespeare, Chateaubriand, and Ossian. In 1820, Lamartine published his first collection of poems, Les Méditations Poétiques, which brought him instant fame. One of the notable poems in this collection was his partly autobiographical poem Le Lac ("The Lake"), which he dedicated to Julie Charles, the wife of a celebrated physician. In it he describes in retrospect the fervent love shared by a couple from the point of view of the bereaved man. He was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1825. He worked for the French embassy in Italy from 1825 to 1828. In 1829, he was elected a member of the Académie française. He was elected as a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1833. In 1835 he published the Voyage en Orient, an account of the journey he had just made, in royal luxury, to the countries of the Orient, and in the course of which he had lost his only daughter. Lamartine was masterly in his use of French poetic forms but from then on he confined himself to prose. Raised a devout Catholic, Lamartine became a pantheist, writing Jocelyn and La Chute d'un ange and in 1847, Histoire des Girondins, in praise of the Girondists. In his older years Lamartine returned to the Church.

• Illustration — Portrait by Ary Scheffer, 1848 Initially a monarchist, Lamartine came to embrace democratic ideals and opposed militaristic nationalism. Around 1830, Lamartine's opinions shifted in the direction of liberalism. His first run for Parliament was an unsuccessful attempt in 1831 as a "board and moderate royalist". When elected in 1833 to the Chamber of Deputies, he was asked what side of the chamber he was going to sit on, he responded "on the ceiling". Throughout his time in the Chamber, Lamartine always sat in the opposition. He quickly founded his own "Social Party" with some influence from Saint-Simonian ideas and established himself as a prominent critic of the July Monarchy. Initially critical of both the Bourgeois Monarchy and the Republican agitators, Lamartine becoming more and more of a republican in the monarchy's last years. Lamartine denounced the French government's decision to back down during the Oriental Crisis of 1840, forcing France's ally Muhammad Ali to surrender Crete, Syria, and Hejaz to the Ottoman Empire, calling it "the Waterloo of French diplomacy". A follower of Lamennais, Lamartine advocated the separation of church and state believing it allowed the church to better fulfill its divine mission. By the end of the 30s the radical opposition considered Lamartine their leading spokesman against King Louis-Phillipe and François Guizot. Lamartine's Histoire des Girondins was an instant success to the point that he styled himself the "Minister of Public Opinion" and considered one of the causes of the 1848 revolution.

He was briefly in charge of the government during the turbulence of 1848. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 24 February 1848 to 11 May 1848. Due to his advanced age, Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Chairman of the Provisional Government, effectively delegated many of his duties to Lamartine. He was then a member of the Executive Commission, the political body which served as France's joint Head of State. Lamartine was instrumental in the founding of the Second Republic, having met with republican deputies and journalists in the Hôtel de Ville to agree on the makeup of its provisional government. Lamartine himself was chosen to declare the Republic in traditional form in the balcony of the Hôtel de Ville, and ensured the continuation of the Tricolour as the flag of the nation. On 25 February 1848, Lamartine said about the Tricolour Flag: During his term as a politician of the Second Republic, he led efforts that culminated in the abolition of slavery and the death penalty, as well as the enshrinement of the right to work and the short-lived national workshop programs. A political idealist who supported democracy and pacifism, his moderate stance on most issues caused many of his followers to desert him. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1848 presidential election, receiving fewer than 19,000 votes and losing to Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. He subsequently retired from politics and dedicated himself to literature.

• Illustration — Lamartine's House in Plovdiv, Bulgaria Alphonse de Lamartine was also an Orientalist. He used themes and materials of the Levant and the Bible to create plotlines, heroes, and landscapes that resemble an exotic Oriental world. He also had a particular interest in Lebanon and the Middle East. He travelled to Lebanon, Syria and the Holy Land in 1832–33. During that trip, while he and his wife, the painter and sculptor Elisa de Lamartine, were in Beirut, on 6 December 1832, their only remaining child, Julia, died at ten years of age. It was, however, considered a journey of recovery and immersion in specific Christian icons, symbols, and terrain with his view that the region could bring about the rebirth of a new Christianity and spirituality that could save Europe from destruction. • Illustration — Lamartine in 1839 During his trip to Lebanon he had met prince Bashir Shihab II and prince Simon Karam, who were enthusiasts of poetry. A valley in Lebanon is still called the Valley of Lamartine as a commemoration of that visit, and the Lebanon cedar forest still harbors the "Lamartine Cedar", which was inscribed with his name by Marie-Joseph de Géramb (previously known as Ferdinand de Géramb) in 1832 at the request of Lamartine's daughter, Julia. Lamartine was so influenced by his trip that he staged his 1838 epic poem La Chute d'un ange (The Fall of an Angel) in Lebanon. Raised by his mother to respect animal life, he found the eating of meat repugnant, saying 'One does not have one heart for Man and one for animals. One has a heart or one does not'. His writings in La chute d'un Ange (1838) and Les confidences (1849) would be taken up by supporters of vegetarianism in the twentieth century.

• Illustration — Portrait of Madame de Lamartine by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1849) Thanks to the increase of general reason, to the light of philosophy, to the inspiration of Christianity, to the progress of the idea of justice, of charity, and of fraternity, in laws, manners, and religion, society in America, in Europe, and in France, especially since the Revolution, has broken down all these barriers, all these denominations of caste, all these injurious distinctions among men. Society is composed only of various conditions, professions, functions, and ways of life, among those who form what we call a Nation; of proprietors of the soil, and proprietors of houses; of investments, of handicrafts, of merchants, of manufacturers, of formers; of day-laborers becoming farmers, manufacturers, merchants, or possessors of houses or capital, in their turn; of the rich, of those in easy circumstances, of the poor, of workmen with their hands, workmen with their minds; of day-laborers, of those in need, of a small number of men enjoying considerable acquired or inherited wealth, of others of a smaller fortune painfully increased and improved, of others with property only sufficient for their needs; there are some, finally, without any personal possession but their hands, and gleaning for themselves and for their families, in the workshop, or the field, and at the threshold of the homes of others on the earth, the asylum, the wages, the bread, the instruction, the tools, the daily pay, all those means of existence which they have neither inherited, saved, nor acquired. These last are what have been improperly called the People. • — Atheism Among the People, by Alphonse de Lamartine (1850), pp. 19–20

Alphonse de Lamartine as quoted in "A Priest" by Robert Nash (1943) on Catholic priests: "There is a man in every parish, having no family, but belonging to a family is worldwide; who is called in as a witness and adviser in all the important affairs of human life. No one comes into the world or goes out of it without his ministrations. He takes the child from its mother's arms, and parts with him only at the grave. He blesses and consecrates the cradle, the bridal chamber, the bed of death, and the bier. He is one whom innocent children instinctively venerate and reverence, and to whom men of venerable age come to seek for wisdom, and call him father; at whose feet men fall down and lay bare the innermost thoughts of their souls, and weep their most sacred tears. He is one whose mission is to console the afflicted, and soften the pains of body and soul; to whose door come alike the rich and the poor. He belongs to no social class, because he belongs equally to all. He is one, in fine, who knows all, has a right to speak unreservedly, and whose speech, inspired from on high, falls on the minds and hearts of all with the authority of one who is divinely sent, and with the constraining power of one who has an unclouded faith."

• Alphonse de Lamartine: French poet, historian, and statesman, in Britannica.com Online, by Henri Guillemin, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Gloria Lotha and J.E. Luebering *

Alphonse de Lamartine was recorded at birth as Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine. The authorities additionally record the heading Alphonse Marie de Lamartine. His recorded language was French. His recorded confession was Catholicism. He was the child of Alix de Lamartine. He married Elisa de Lamartine. 2 children are recorded: Alphonse de Lamartine and Julia de Lamartine. Other recorded relations include François de Montherot.

His work is associated with Romanticism. Recorded positions include member of the French National Assembly and seat 7 of the Académie française. He belonged to Académie Française and Académie de Mâcon. He worked at Paris and rue de l'Université.

Alphonse de Lamartine is recorded as politician, poet, diplomat, writer and historian. Work and production. Works recorded as notable number 5: Graziella, Voyage en Orient, Poetical Meditations, The Death of Socrates and Harmonies poetiques et religieuses. His recorded genre is poetry.