Adolf Loos

Loos was born in Brno to a family of sculptors and stonemasons. Loos later inherited his father's hearing impairment and other health-related issues. His lack of hearing contributed to his solitary personality. Loos had three tumultuous marriages that all ended in divorce, and was convicted as a pedophile in 1928. Loos attended multiple colleges also due to his poor academics and changing interests, which provided him a diverse skillset for architecture. After leaving his last university, Loos visited America and was strongly impacted by the Chicago School of Architecture, inspired by "form follows function" philosophy of architect Louis Sullivan. Loos then went on to write many literary pieces including the satirical piece The Story of a Poor Rich Man and his most popular manifesto, Ornament and Crime, which advocated for a lack of ornamentation, exemplified in his design of Looshaus, Vienna, in contrast to both the lavish decorations of the fin de siècle and the more modern aesthetic principles of the Vienna Secession. Loos became a pioneer of modern architecture and contributed a body of theory and criticism of Modernism in architecture and design and developed the "Raumplan" (literally spatial plan) method of arranging interior spaces, exemplified in Villa Müller in Prague. He died aged 62 on 23 August 1933 in Kalksburg near Vienna.

• Name — Adolf Loos • Birth Name — Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos • Born — 10 December 1870 • Birthplace — Brno, Austria-Hungary • Died — 23 August 1933 • Place of death — Vienna, Austria • Significant Buildings — Looshaus, Vienna Villa Müller, Prague

Loos was born into a family of artisans on 10 December 1870 in Brno, in the Margraviate of Moravia region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today the eastern part of the Czech Republic. His father Adolf Loos was a German stonemason who died when Loos was nine years old. His mother, Marie Loos, was a sculptor who later carried on the masonry business after her husband's death. Young Adolf Loos had inherited his father's hearing impairment and was significantly handicapped by it throughout his life, contributing to his solitary character.

Loos attended several Gymnasium schools and sought a variety of programs. In 1884, Loos began his studies at the Stiftsgymnasium Melk for only a few months after failing an exam. He then studied mechanics at the Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Liberec, but dropped to pursue building technology. He then returned to mechanics again at State Crafts School in Brno in 1889, and changed to architecture by studying at Dresden University of Technology from 1890 to 1893. Loos ultimately did not receive any academic degree due to his sporadic education pursuits, poor academics, and his enrollment in the Austrian military in 1889. Loos' diverse educational background provided him with a vast skillset which proved to be useful. He could comprehend masonry and craftsman work and its impact on architecture, prompting recognition by many scholars based on his expertise.

Post college, Loos traveled to the United States from 1893 to 1896 to learn about outside architecture. He started in New York and financially supported himself by working as a mason, a floor-layer, and a dish-washer. These jobs allowed Loos to move to the Philadelphia countryside with his uncle Benjamin, where he worked as a watchmaker. Living on the countryside made Loos admire America's rural culture, but he traveled to New York and Chicago to explore American metropolitan architecture. On his first visit to Chicago, Loos was immediately inspired by the new American skyscrapers and the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Specifically, he was inspired by the architect Louis Sullivan and the Chicago School of Architecture, approving of Sullivan's concept of form follows function in his essay Ornament in Architecture. Although Loos left America in 1896, he became involved in Chicago's architectural scene. Inspired by Sullivan, in 1922 Loos submitted a building design for the Chicago Tribune Tower Competition, where his design proposal followed a Doric column as the building's top, known as the Column Tower proposal. While he did not win, his architecture inspired later Postmodern architects of the 1980s and '90s.

Loos returned to Vienna in 1896 and made it his permanent residence. He was a prominent figure in the city and a friend of prominent Viennese figures such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Arnold Schoenberg, Peter Altenberg and Karl Kraus. Inspired by his years in the New World, Loos devoted himself to architecture. After briefly associating himself with the Vienna Secession in 1896, he rejected the style and advocated a new, plain, unadorned architecture. A utilitarian approach to use the entire floor plan completed his concept. Loos's early commissions consisted of interior designs for shops and cafés in Vienna.

• Illustration — Looshaus in Michaelerplatz, Vienna From 1904 on, he was able to carry out big projects; the most notable was the so-called "Looshaus" (built from 1910 to 1912), originally for the Viennese tailor Goldman and Salatsch, for whom Loos had designed a store interior in 1898, and situated right across from the Habsburg city residence Hofburg Palace. The house, today located at the address Michaelerplatz 3, Vienna, and under monument preservation, was criticized by its contemporaries. The facade was dominated by rectilinear window patterns and a lack of stucco decoration and awnings, which earned it the nickname "House without Eyebrows"; Emperor Franz Joseph I was said to have despised the modern building so much that he avoided leaving the Hofburg Palace through a main gate in its vicinity. His work also includes the store of the men's fashion house Knize (built 1909–13), Am Graben 13, Café Museum (built 1899), Operngasse 7, Vienna, and the "American Bar" (built 1907–08), Kärntnerstrasse 10, Vienna. • Illustration — Steiner House, Vienna, 1910 Loos visited the island of Skyros in 1904 and was influenced by the cubic architecture of the Greek islands. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I Loos was awarded Czechoslovak citizenship by President Masaryk. His main place of residence remained in Vienna. During the First Austrian Republic Loos became interested in public projects. He designed several housing projects for the City of Vienna, which was then nicknamed Red Vienna. From 1924 to 1928 Loos lived in Paris. He taught at the Sorbonne and was contracted to build a house for Tristan Tzara, which was completed 1925 on Avenue Junot 15, Paris. In 1928 he returned to Vienna. Loos had an admiration for classical architecture, which is reflected in his writings and his entry to the 1922 Chicago Tribune competition. Loos's submission was a massive Doric column.

Loos was married three times. In July 1902, he married drama student Lina Loos. The marriage ended three years later in 1905. In 1919 when he was 49, he married 20-year-old Austrian-born Elsie Altmann, a dancer and operetta star and daughter of Adolf Altmann and Jeannette Gruenblatt. They divorced seven years later in 1926. In 1929 he married writer and photographer Claire Beck. She was the daughter of his clients Otto and Olga Beck, and 35 years his junior. They were divorced on 30 April 1932. Following their divorce, Claire Loos wrote Adolf Loos Privat, a literary work of snapshot-like vignettes about Loos's character, habits and sayings, published by the Johannes-Presse in Vienna in 1936. The book was intended to raise funds for Loos' tomb.

All his life, Loos suffered from a hearing impairment. When he was a child, he was deaf. He only acquired partial hearing at the age of 12. By the time he was 50 he was again nearly deaf. In 1918 Loos was diagnosed with cancer. His stomach, appendix and part of his intestine were removed.

In 1928 Loos was disgraced by a pedophilia scandal in Vienna. He had commissioned young girls, aged 8 to 10, from poor families to act as models in his studio. The indictment stated that Loos had exposed himself and forced his young models to participate in sexual acts. He was found guilty of inducing minors to commit indecent acts by drawing them in indecent positions but acquitted of the other charges in a court decision of 1928. In 2008, the original case record was rediscovered and confirmed the accusation.

• Illustration — House of Tristan Tzara, 1925 • 1899 Café Museum, Vienna • 1904 Villa Karma, Montreux, Switzerland • 1907 Field Christian Cross, Radešínská Svratka, Czech Republic • 1908 American Bar (formerly the Kärntner Bar), Vienna • 1910 Steiner House, Vienna • 1910 Goldman & Salatsch Building, overlooking Michaelerplatz, Vienna (a mixed-use building known colloquially as the "Looshaus") • 1913 Scheu House, Vienna (childhood home of modernist Elizabeth Close, née Scheu) • 1914 Villa for sugar mill director, Hrušovany u Brna, Czech Republic • 1915 Sugar mill, Hrušovany u Brna, Czech Republic • 1915–16 Villa Duschnitz (re-model), Vienna • 1921 Mausoleum for Max Dvořák (unbuilt) • 1922 Rufer House, Vienna • 1925 Maison Tzara, house and studio, Montmartre, Paris, for Tristan Tzara, one of the founders of Dadaism • 1926 Villa Moller, Vienna • 1927 House (not built), Paris, for the American entertainer Josephine Baker • 1928 Villa Müller, Prague, Czech Republic • 1929 Khuner Villa, Kreuzberg, Austria • 1932 Villa Winternitz, Na Cihlářce 10, Praha 5, Czech Republic • 1928–1933 many residential interiors in Plzeň, Czech Republic

• Adolf Loos - Exposition Du Cinquantenaire (23.02. – 16.04.1983) Paris (Institut Francais d´Architecture with Austrian Culture Institute, Paris) Ancienne Galerie, 6, rue du Tournon, 75006 Paris • Gründerzeit: Adolf Loos (11.04.1987 – 21.06.1987) Städtische Galerie der Stadt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany • ADOLF LOOS (02.12.1989-25.02.1990) (joint exposition on 3 locations) Albertina, Historical Museum of the City of Vienna, Looshaus, Vienna • Adolf Loos „Private Spaces“ (14.12.2017 – 25.02.2018) Museu del Dessiny de Barcelona, Spain • Adolf Loos „Private Spaces“ (28.03.2018-24-06.2018) Caixa Forum Madrid, Spain • WAGNER, HOFFMANN, LOOS AND THE FURNITURE DESIGN OF VIENNESE MODERNISM (21.03.-07.10.2018) Imperial Furniture Collection (Hofmobiliendepot), Vienna • Adolf Loos: Private Houses (08.12.2020-14.03.2021) MAK Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna • „Loos2021“ (25.9.2020 – 30.5.2021) Loos Rooms at the Vienna Library, (former Boskovits flat) Bartensteingasse 9/5, 1010 Wien • Illustration — Furnishings Knize, Karlovy Vary branch Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018 • Illustration — Furnishing "House Duschnitz 1915" (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018) • Illustration — Adolf Loos Desk 1904 (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018) • Illustration — Desk "House Friedmann 1907" (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018) • Illustration — Furnishing "House Rufer 1922" Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018 • Illustration — Interior "House Steiner 1910" Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018 • Illustration — Interior "Flat Georg Roy 1904", Hofmobiliendepot, Vienna 2018 • Illustration — Furnishing "Flat Boskovits" (Loos2021, Vienna Library)

The authorities additionally record the headings Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos and Adolph Loos. His recorded languages were German and Czech. He was the child of Adolf Loos. He married Lina Loos, Elsie Altmann-Loos and Claire Beck Loos.

Adolf Loos is recorded as architect, writer, architecture critic and designer.