8 inch/35 caliber Mark IV gun

• Name — 8"/35 caliber Mark 3 & 4 / 8"/40 caliber Mark 5 Naval Gun • Origin — United States • Type — Naval gun • Is Ranged — YES • Is Artillery — YES • Service — * Mark 3: 1890 • Mark 5: 1894 • Used By — United States Navy • Wars — * Spanish–American War • World War I • Designer — Bureau of Ordnance • Design Date — 1889 • Manufacturer — U.S. Naval Gun Factory • Number — *Mark 3: 19 (Nos. 9–21, 33–37, and 51) • Mark 4: 56 (Nos. 22–32, 38–50, and 52–83) • Mark 5: 24 (Nos. 84–107) • Variants — Marks 3–5 • Weight — *Mark 3: (without breech) • Mark 5: (without breech) • Mark 5: (with breech) • Length — *Marks 3 & 4: • Mark 5: • Part Length — *Marks 3 & 4: bore (35 calibers) • Mark 5: bore (40 calibers) • Cartridge — armor-piercing • Rate — * 1890s: 0.5 – 0.8 rounds per minute • 1900s: 2 – 2.8 rounds per minute • Velocity — *Marks 3 & 4: • Mark 5: • Range — Marks 3 & 4: at 20.1° elevation • Elevation — * Marks 3 and 4: -5° to +20° • Marks 5 and 6: −4° to +13° • Marks 7, 8, and 9: −7° to +14° • Traverse — * Bow and Stern Mountings: −150° to +150° • New York Amidships Mountings: 140° • Brooklyn Amidships Mountings: 140°

The Mark 3 Experimental was a 30 caliber gun that used trunnions and had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting from the breech and running out to the muzzle. The Mark 3s consisted of gun Nos. 9 – 27, 33 – 37, and 51. The production Mark 3 Mod 0 had removable trunnions, from the breech, 35 caliber gun that had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting 4 inches from the breech and running out to from the muzzle. This gun was removed from service prior to World War I. The Mark 3 Mod 1 was constructed of tube, jacket and eight hoops while Mod 2 was identical to Mod 1 but with different steps under the chase hoops. Mod 3 was, for one gun, lengthened to 40 calibers and was removed from service prior to the start of World War I. Mod 4 was, also for one gun only, different from other Mods in having a ring shrunk onto the breech end, tapering the breech, and with a small balancing hoop screwed onto the front chase hoop. Mod 5 had the trunnions removed and the outer jacket threaded to accept a sleeve. Mod 6, gun Nos. 52 and 82 – 83, were constructed of nickel-steel in a simplified three-piece construction.

The Mark 4s were Nos. 22 – 32, 38 – 50, and 52 – 83. The original Mark 4 Mod 0 guns were identical to Mark 3 Mod 1 guns with the trunnion hoop and elevating band removed and with the threads formerly under the trunnion hoop being continued to the rear of the gun. This allowed these guns to be screwed into the sleeve of a two-gun turret mount. Mark 4 Mod 1 was one Mark 4 gun, No. 27, shortened by in rear of the threads. Mods 2 through 9 were for minor differences primarily for testing different mounting techniques. Mod 10 was for one gun cut down to 23 calibers and used for experimental work with high-explosive shells. Mod 11 was a Mod 4 gun, No. 72, with an alloy steel liner, uniformed rifling and modified chamber.

The Mark 5, Nos. 84 – 107, was a new 40 caliber design intended for armored cruisers and battleship secondaries and constructed of tube, jacket, three hoops and one locking ring. This gun had a muzzle bell. Unfortunately, the Mark 5 proved to be unable to handle the transition from black powder to nitrocellulose propellants as the new propellant burned more slowly, which allowed pressure to build up to unsafe levels as the projectile traveled down the bore. This problem was illustrated when Colorado blew off the muzzle of one of her Mark 5 guns during gunnery practice off Yantai, Shandong, on 22 June 1907. All Mark 5 guns were subsequently removed from service by 1908, lengthened to 45 calibers by adding a new liner and rehooped to the muzzle, redesignated as Mod 1 and then placed into reserve. Two of these Mod 1 guns were given a slightly different breech mechanism and gas seat and then designated as Mod 2. Pennsylvania-class cruisers were subsequently rearmed with the stronger 8-in/45 caliber Mark 6 guns.

• Ship — Gun Installed — Gun Mount • Chicago — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 69 – 72) refit 8"/30s in 1899 — Mark 2: 4 × Single "Half-turret" • New York — Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 16 – 21) — Mark 3 and Mark 4: 2 × Single center-pivots; Mark 5: 2 × Twin Turrets • Brooklyn — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 53 – 60) — Mark 8: 4 × Twin Turrets • Pennsylvania — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • West Virginia — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • California — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • Colorado — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • Maryland — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • South Dakota — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber — Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets • Charleston — Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 13 and 14) — Mark 3 and Mark 4: 2 × Single center-pivots • Baltimore — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber — Mark 3 and Mark 4: 4 × Single center-pivots • Olympia — Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 34 – 37) — Mark 6: 2 × Twin Turrets • Columbia — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber (No. 33) — Mark 3 or Mark 4: 1 × Single center-pivot • Minneapolis — Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber (No. 51) — Mark 3 or Mark 4: 1 × Single center-pivot • Indiana — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 81 and 82 in 1906) — Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets • Massachusetts — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber — Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets • Oregon — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber — Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets • Iowa — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 61 – 68) (No. 83 in 1908) — Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets • Kearsarge — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber — Mark 9 (superimposed turret): 2 × Dual-Caliber Turret • Kentucky — Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber — Mark 9 (superimposed turret): 2 × Dual-Caliber Turret