2K22 Tunguska

• Name — 2K22 Tunguska • Origin — Soviet Union • Type — Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun • Is Vehicle — yes • Is Uk — yes • Service — 1982–present • Used By — See Operators • Wars — Russo-Georgian War Russo-Ukrainian war • Designer — KBP Instrument Design Bureau • Design Date — 1970–1980 • Manufacturer — Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory • Production Date — 1976–present • Variants — 2K22 (Tunguska), 2K22M (Tunguska-M), 2K22M1 (Tunguska-M1) • Unit Cost — $16 million • Spec Label — Tunguska-M1 • Weight — about 35,000 kg • Length — about 7.90 m • Width — about 3.25 m • Height — about 4 m or about 3.35 m (radar stowed) • Crew — 4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator) • Armour — protects the vehicle from 7.62 mm small arms fire and shell splinters • Primary Armament — 8 × 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1 or 57E6 missiles • Secondary Armament — 2 × twin-barrel 30 mm 2А38M guns (1,904 rounds carried) • Engine — V-46 based on the Model V-2 V12 diesel engine • Engine Power — the engine had 780hp, but it was limited to 710hp for this vehicle • Transmission — Hydromechanical • Suspension — Hydropneumatic • Clearance — 17–57 cm • Vehicle Range — 500 km • Speed — 65 km/h maximum on the road

Development of the 2K22 anti-aircraft system began on 8 June 1970. At the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer A. G. Shipunov, started work on a 30mm anti-aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm ZSU-23-4. The project, code-named "Tunguska", was undertaken to improve on the observed shortcomings of the ZSU-23-4 (short range and no early warning) and a counter to new ground attack aircraft in development, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II and the AH-64 Apache, which were designed to be highly resistant to 23 mm cannons. Studies were conducted and demonstrated that a 30 mm cannon would require from a third to a half of the number of shells that the 23 mm cannon of the ZSU-23-4 would need to destroy a given target, and that firing at a MiG-17 (or similarly at, in case of war, NATO's Hawker Hunter or Fiat G.91) flying at 300 m/s, with an identical mass of 30 mm projectiles would result in a kill probability 1.5 times greater than with 23 mm projectiles. An increase in the maximum engagement altitude from 2000 to and increased effectiveness when engaging lightly armoured ground targets were also cited. The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds. Due to the similarities in the fire control of artillery and missiles, it was decided that the Tunguska would be a combined gun and missile system. A combined system is more effective than the ZSU-23-4, engaging targets at long-range with missiles, and shorter range targets with guns. In addition to KBP as the primary contractor, other members of the Soviet military-industrial complex were involved in the project; the chassis was developed at the Minsk tractor factory, the radio equipment at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory, central computer at NIEMI ("Antey"), guidance and navigational systems by VNII "Signal", and optics were developed by the Leningrad Optical Mechanical Association (LOMO). However, development was slowed between 1975 and 1977 after the introduction of the 9K33 Osa missile system, which seemed to fill the same requirement but with greater missile performance. After some considerable debate, it was felt that a purely missile-based system would not be as effective at dealing with very low flying attack helicopters attacking at short range with no warning as had been proven so successful in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Since the reaction time of a gun system is around 8–10 seconds, compared to approximately 30 seconds for a missile-based system, development was restarted. The initial designs were completed in 1973, with pilot production completed in 1976 at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory. System testing and trials were conducted between September 1980 and December 1981 on the Donguzskiy range. It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version, which was designated 2K22/2S6, had four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side) and two 2A38 autocannons. The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984, when the first batteries were delivered to the army. After a limited production run of the original 2K22, an improved version designated 2K22M/2S6M entered service in 1990. The 2K22M featured several improvements with eight ready-to-fire missiles (four on each side) as well as modifications to the fire control programs, missiles and the general reliability of the system, and improved autocannons, 2A38M. Tunguska underwent further improvement when, in 2003, the Russian armed forces accepted the Tunguska-M1 or 2K22M1 into service. The M1 introduced the new 9M311-M1 missile, which made a number of changes allowing the 2K22M1 to engage small targets like cruise missiles by replacing the eight-beam laser proximity fuze with a radio fuse. An additional modification afforded greater resistance to infrared countermeasures by replacing the missile tracking flare with a pulsed IR beacon. Other improvements included an increased missile range from 8 to, improved optical tracking and accuracy, improved fire control co-ordination between components of a battery and the command post. Overall, the Tunguska-M1 has a combat efficiency 1.3–1.5 times greater than the Tunguska-M.

• Illustration — A 2K22 Tunguska of the Ukrainian 30th Mechanized Brigade camouflaged with tree branches during the Battle of Bakhmut, 3 December 2022

Original system, with 9M311, 9M311K (3M87) or 9M311-1 missiles with a range of 8 km. Some of these early versions of the "Tunguska" system were known as "Treugol'nik" (Russian Треугольник—triangle). This system is mounted on the 2S6 integrated air defense vehicle.

Main production system, with 9M311M (3M88) missiles and 2A38M autocannons. This integrated air defense vehicle 2S6M is based on the GM-352M chassis. 2F77M transporter-loader. 2F55-1, 1R10-1 and 2V110-1 repair and maintenance vehicles.

Improved version with the 2S6M1 combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: 10 km) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials and entered service with the Russian armed forces on 31 July 2003.

The dual 2А38 30 mm cannons (as well as the later 2A38M) were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company. The Tunguska typically carries 1,904 rounds with mixtures of APDS, AP-T, APDS Frag-T, HE-I, and API. The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), which gives a continuous fire time of 23–30 seconds before running out of ammunition, and have a muzzle velocity of 960 m/s. Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between 0.2 to. HE-T and HE-I shells are used and fitted with an A-670 time and impact fuze which includes an arming delay and self destruct mechanism. The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical. In radar mode, the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode, the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight, with the radar providing range data.

• Name — 9M311 • Origin — Soviet Union • Type — Surface-to-air missile • Is Missile — yes • Is Uk — yes • Service — 1982–present • Used By — Belarus, India, Morocco, Syria, Russia, former Soviet Union, Ukraine • Designer — KBP Instrument Design Bureau • Design Date — 1970–1980 • Production Date — 1976–present • Variants — 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1, 57E6 • Spec Label — 9M311 • Weight — 57 kg • Length — 2560 mm • Filling — Continuous-rod and steel cubes • Filling Weight — 9 kg • Detonation — Laser fuze (Radio fuze for 9M311-M1) • Propellant — Solid-fuel rocket • Vehicle Range — 8 to 9M311-M1) • Ceiling — 3500 m • Boost — 2 stages: boost to 900 m/s, then sustained 600 m/s stage to range • Speed — 900 m/s maximum • Guidance — Radio Command guidance • Steering — Rocket motor with four steerable control surfaces • Accuracy — 5 m • Launch Platform — 2S6 combat vehicle • Transport — 2F77 transloader The system uses the same 9M311 (NATO: SA-19/SA-N-11) missile family as the naval CIWS Kashtan which can engage targets at a range of 1.5 to and to an altitude of 5 to the Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of 2.5 to and an altitude of 15 to. The missile has two stages, a large booster stage with four folding fins, which boosts the missile to a velocity of 900 m/s. The second stage has four fixed fins, and four steerable control surfaces. The complete missile is around 2.56 m long and a mass of 57 kg. Guidance is performed by the target tracking radar, it constantly relays target range, elevation and bearing to the fire-control computer, and on the basis of this data the computer generates the laying commands for the guns or the trajectory corrections for the missiles. A back-up tracking method can be used by the gunner, who uses the stabilized sight of the Tunguska to track the target in elevation and azimuth. The gunner is initially cued towards the target by the system's search radar. Once the missile is steered to within 5 m of the target, an active laser or radio fuse (9M311-M1) is triggered. A contact fuse is also fitted. The warhead weighs about 9 kg, and is a continuous-rod system, consisting of 60 cm long, 6 to diameter rods, which break into fragments weighing 2 –. The rods form a complete ring about 5 m from the missile.

• 9M311: Original missile, laser proximity fuze, range 8 km. • 9M311K (3M87): Naval version of the 9M311 used by the Kortik system. Export version of Kashtan uses the 9M311-1E missile. • 9M311-1: Export version of the missile. • 9M311M (3M88): Improved version of the missile. • 9M311-M1: Used with the Tunguska-M1 radar proximity fuse for improved capability against cruise missiles. Pulsed tracking light instead of constant flare for better resistance to infrared countermeasures. Range improved to 10 km.

• FK-1000: 9M311 missiles were first exported to China in 2005, and at the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, a suspected Chinese derivative of 2K22 Tunguska designated as FK-1000 was revealed to public. The China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) developed FK-1000, differs from 2K22 Tunguska in that FK-1000 is mounted on an 8 × 8 truck, and the 30 mm guns of Tunguska are replaced by 25 mm autocannons. The radars of FK-1000 are arranged in exactly the same way as in the 2K22 Tunguska, but mechanically scanned surveillance and tracking radars of Tunguska are both replaced by phased array radars in FK-1000. A total of 12 missiles are mounted on the sides of the weapons station, with 6 on each side, in the form of 2 rows of 3 containers/launchers each. The missile of FK-1000 is designated as KS-1000, which is also surprisingly similar to 9M311, and this has led many in the west to claim that FK-1000 system is derived from 2K22 Tunguska, but with cheaper price tag than the latest Russian system: in comparison to the 15 million dollars of Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), FK-1000 system is priced at 5 million dollars. • Sky Dragon 12: The Sky Dragon 12 (Tianlong 12; GAS5) is a truck-based air defense system developed by China North Industries Corporation (Norinco). The system consists of 12 rounds of 9M311/FK1000 missiles, with the radar, optics, and missiles mounted on a Shaanxi SX2400 8x8 truck.

Variants of the 2K22 system have continued to serve in the Soviet and later Russian armed forces since their initial introduction in 1984. The 2K22 has also been inducted into the armed forces of a number of foreign states, most notably India. The 2K22 has been used in the 2008 South Ossetia war by Russian armed forces. The 2K22 has been used in the Russian invasion of Ukraine by Ukrainian and Russian forces. In June 2023, Ukraine ordered the repair, refurbishment, and spare parts through the International Fund for Ukraine.

• Illustration — Operators • Illustration — 2S6 of the Ukrainian Army

•: Unknown number of 2S6 in active service as of 2024 •: Up to 80 2S6 in service as of 2024. SIPRI reports at least 66 2S6 received between 1997-2009. A further order for the Tunguska Air Defence Missile System was placed on 27 March 2026 at a cost of. •: 12 2S6М in service as of 2024. •: 38 2S6 acquired from Russia between 2004 and 2007. •: At least 240 2S6 as of 2024, according to Military Balance 2024. 21 Tunguska-M1s were delivered in 2012–2017. •: 75 2S6 according to Military Balance 2024. At least two have been captured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War as of 11 Nov 2024.

• Soviet Union: passed on to successor states

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