28 cm Howitzer L/10

• Name — 28 cm howitzer L/10 • Origin — Empire of Japan • Type — Coastal artillery, Heavy siege howitzer • Is Explosive — yes • Is Artillery — yes • Service — 1892-1945 • Used By — Imperial Japanese Army • Wars — Russo-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War • Designer — Armstrong • Design Date — 1884 • Manufacturer — Osaka Artillery Arsenal • Number — 327 total (220 for coastal defense) • Weight — 10.758 t • Part Length — 2.863 m (L10.2) • Cartridge — Separate loading bagged charge and projectile • Cartridge Weight — 217 kg • Caliber — 280 mm • Velocity — 314 m/s • Max Range — 7,800 m • Breech — Interrupted Screw • Carriage — Box trail • Elevation — -10° to +68° (firing) • Traverse — 360°

• Illustration — A shell, visible above the smoke, is fired on Port Arthur During the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese Third Army was besieging Port Arthur. While the capture of Port Arthur had been achieved in a single assault during the First Sino-Japanese War, the situation was different in 1904. The Russians had been in possession of Port Arthur since 1897 and had constructed strong fortifications around the city following the plans of General Eduard Totleben. After the first general assault in August 1904 yielded over 16,000 casualties, General Nogi, the commanding officer of the Japanese forces, requested heavy siege guns. With the arrival of the first battery of 28 cm howitzers, replacing those lost when the transport Hitachi Maru, loaded with a battalion of the First Reserve Regiment of the Guards, was sunk by Russian cruisers in the Hitachi Maru Incident on June 15, 1904, the situation changed. The massive 11-inch howitzers could throw a 217 kilogram (478 pound) shell over 7.8 kilometers (4.8 miles), and Nogi then had the firepower necessary to seriously damage the Russian fortifications. The huge shells were nicknamed "roaring trains" by the Russian troops (for the sound they made just before impact), and during their period at Port Arthur over 16,949 of these shells were fired. • Illustration — A 217 kilogram (478 pound) shell of the 28 cm Howitzer. • Illustration — Port Arthur viewed from the top of a 203-meter hill, looking at the ships of the Russian Pacific Fleet At 10:30 on December 5, following another massive artillery bombardment, the Japanese managed to overrun 203 Meter Hill overlooking the harbour of Port Arthur with the Russian Pacific Fleet at anchor. They sent an artillery observer on the hill, directing the fire of the 28 cm howitzer, systematically sinking the Russian fleet, one ship after another. On December 5, 1904, the battleship Poltava was sunk, followed by the battleship Retvizan on December 7, 1904, the battleships Pobeda and Peresvet and the cruisers Pallada and Bayan on December 9, 1904. All six would be raised, repaired, renamed, and recommissioned by the Japanese after the war. The battleship Sevastopol, although hit five times by 11 in shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. On the night of January 2, 1905, after Port Arthur surrendered, Captain Nikolai Essen of the Sevastopol had the crippled battleship scuttled in 30 fathom of water by opening the sea cocks on one side, so that the ship would sink on its side and could not be raised and salvaged by the Japanese.

In November 1939 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 28 cm howitzers were deployed at the Yellow River where they put a railway tunnel out of action for over three months.

Due to a lack of alternatives, the Japanese reactivated the 28 cm howitzer for coastal defence in 1945, expecting the landing of the Allies. Thirteen guns were emplaced on Kyushu, six on Shikoku, 62 on Honshu and 10 on Hokkaido. Also, two batteries of the 28 cm howitzers were used by 132nd Independent Mixed Brigade at Dongning, Heilongjiang, during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. Two batteries of 28 cm howitzers were emplaced with the Najin Fortress Garrison in Rason.