Roland Hayes

Hayes worked between 1887 and 1977 across composer, opera singer and singer. This article rests on 20 catalogued compositions, 2 published texts, 4 issued recordings, 1 digitised documents and 19 scholarly references drawn from named institutional registers. Every statement below returns to a source shown in the evidence panel; where the record is silent or divided, the article says so instead of resolving it.

Roland Hayes studied at Fisk University. Training under George Henschel is recorded. Frances James and Roberta Dodd Crawford are recorded as having studied under Roland Hayes. The recorded working language is English. Residence is recorded at Curryville and Chattanooga. Employment is recorded with Black Mountain College. Distinctions recorded are Spingarn Medal and honorary doctorate.

• Name — Roland Hayes • Birth Name — Roland Wiltse Hayes • Born — 3 June 1887 • Birthplace — Curryville, Georgia, U.S. • Died — 1977 • Place of death — Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. • Occupation — Musician, classical singer • Spouse — Helen Alzada Mann (1893–1988) (1932) • Children — 2 • Awards — Spingarn Medal (1924)

Hayes was born in Curryville, Georgia, on June 3, 1887, to William Hayes (died ca. 1898) and wife Fannie (or Fanny, née Mann; ca. 1848 – aft. 1920), tenant farmers on the plantation where his mother had once been a slave; the Hayes farm appears to be on one of the tracts of land given by a plantation owner named Culpepper to some black people who worked for them. Roland's father, who was his first music teacher, often took him hunting. When Hayes was 11, his father died, and his mother moved the family to Chattanooga, Tennessee. William Hayes claimed to have some Cherokee ancestry, while his maternal great-grandfather, Aba Ougi (renamed as Charles Mann) was a Chieftain from the Ivory Coast. Aba Ougi was captured and shipped to the United States of America in 1790. Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Curryville (founded by Roland's mother) is where Roland first heard Negro spirituals. At the church, he learned new spirituals from the elders and teach them to the congregation. A quote of him talking about beginning his career with a pianist: I happened upon a new method for making iron sash-weights," he said, "and that got me a little raise in pay and a little free time. At that time I had never heard any real music, although I had had some lessons in rhetoric from a backwoods teacher in Georgia. But one day a pianist came to our church in Chattanooga, and I, as a choir member, was asked to sing a solo with him. The pianist liked my voice, and he took me in hand and introduced me to phonograph records by Caruso. That opened the heavens for me. The beauty of what could be done with the voice just overwhelmed me. Hayes trained with Arthur Calhoun, an organist and choir director, in Chattanooga. Roland began studying music at Fisk University in Nashville in 1905 although he had only a 6th-grade education. His mother thought he was wasting money because she believed that African Americans could not make a living from singing. As a student Hayes began publicly performing, touring with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1911. He furthered his studies in Boston with Arthur Hubbard, who agreed to give him lessons only if Hayes came to his house instead of his studio. Hubbard did not want Roland to embarrass him by appearing at his studio with his white students. During this period studying with Hubbard, Hayes worked as a messenger for the Hancock Life Insurance Company to support himself.

• Illustration — Roland Hayes In January 1915, Hayes premiered in Manhattan, New York City, in concerts presented by orchestra leader Walter F. Craig. Hayes performed his own musical arrangements in recitals from 1916 to 1919, touring from coast to coast. For his first recital, he was unable to find a sponsor so he used 200 dollars of his own money to rent Jordan Hall for his classical recital. To earn money, he went on a tour of black churches and colleges in the South. In 1917, he announced his second concert, which would be held in Boston's Symphony Hall. On November 15, 1917, every seat in the hall was sold and Hayes's concert was a success both musically and financially, but the music industry was still not considering him a top classical performer. He sang at Walter Craig's Pre-Lenten Recitals and several Carnegie Hall concerts. He performed with the Philadelphia Concert Orchestra, and at the Atlanta Colored Music Festivals and at the Washington Conservatory concerts. In 1917, he toured with the Hayes Trio, which he formed with baritone William Richardson (singer) and pianist William Lawrence. In April 1920, Hayes traveled to Europe. He began lessons with Sir George Henschel, who was the first conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and gave his first recital in London's Aeolian Hall in May 1920, with pianist Lawrence Brown as his accompanist. By at least June 1921, Hayes was being invited to sing at private house parties; the poet Siegfried Sassoon heard him while staying with the wealthy music-lover Frank Schuster at Bray-on-Thames. Soon Hayes was singing in capital cities across Europe and was quite famous. Almost a year after his arrival in Europe, Hayes had a concert at London's Wigmore Hall. The next day, he received a summons from King George V and Queen Mary to give a command performance at Buckingham Palace. Hayes returned to the United States of America in 1923. He made his official debut on November 16, 1923, in Boston's Symphony Hall singing Berlioz, Mozart, and spirituals, conducted by Pierre Monteux, which received critical acclaim. Hayes was the first African-American soloist to appear with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1924.

Hayes finally secured professional management with the Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Company. He was reportedly making $100,000 a year at this point in his career. In Boston, he also worked as a voice teacher. One of his pupils was the Canadian soprano Frances James. Hayes published musical scores for a collection of spirituals in 1948 as My Songs: Aframerican Religious Folk Songs Arranged and Interpreted. In 1925, Hayes had an affair with a married Czech aristocrat, Bertha Henriette Katharina Nadine, Gräfin von Colloredo-Mansfeld (June 21, 1890, in Týnec – January 29, 1982, in Auch), which resulted in a pregnancy. Bertha had been married in Vienna since August 10, 1909, to a member of a German princely family, Hieronymus von Colloredo (November 3, 1870, in Dobříš – August 29, 1942, in Prague), who refused to allow the expected child to bear his name or to be raised along with the couple's four older children, quietly managing to obtain a divorce in Prague on January 8, 1926, while Bertha left their home in Zbiroh, Czechoslovakia, to bear Hayes's child in Basel, Switzerland. Hayes offered to adopt the child, while the countess sought to resume the couple's relationship, while concealing it, until the late 1920s. Their daughter, Maya Kolowrat, would marry Russian émigré farm-worker, later painter, Yuri Mikhailovich Bogdanoff (January 28, 1928, in Leningrad – 2012). Maya later gave birth in Saint-Lary, Gers, to twins Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff in 1949, who later attributed their early interest in the sciences to their unhampered childhood access to their maternal grandmother's castle library. After the 1930s, Hayes stopped touring in Europe because the change in politics and the rise of the Nazi Party made it unfavourable to African Americans. In 1932, while in Los Angeles for a Hollywood Bowl performance, he married Helen Alzada Mann (1893–1988). The new Mrs. Hayes was born in Chattanooga and graduated from what is now Tennessee State University. One year later they had a daughter, Afrika Hayes. The family moved into a home in Brookline, Massachusetts. In 1943, he sang several times in Britain to entertain troops, and appeared at the Royal Albert Hall on September 29 as the soloist before a 200-member choir of all Black soldiers, and all from USAAF Engineer Aviation Battalions. After the concert he dined at the London residence of Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee, Commanding General of all logistics forces in the European Theater of Operations, who routinely received visiting political, manufacturing, and show business figures in the Theater. • Illustration — Hayes in 1962 Hayes did not perform very much from the 1940s to the 1970s, but continued yearly concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York and performances at Fisk and other colleges. In 1966, he was awarded the degree of Honorary Doctorate of Music from The Hartt School of Music, University of Hartford. Hayes continued to perform until the age of 85, when he gave his last concert at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge. He was able to purchase the land in Georgia on which he had grown up as a child. Hayes died on January 1, 1977, five years after his final concert.

Before he departed from Prague for Berlin in 1924, Hayes was warned by the American Consul General not to go to Germany until the occupying armies had been withdrawn, as Germans had bitter feelings about being occupied by armies with black troops. An open letter to the American Ambassador was published in a Berlin newspaper, calling "for the prevention of a certain calamity: namely, the concert of an American Negro who has come to Berlin to defile the name of the German poets and composers." Despite this protest, Hayes wrote: "I refused to believe... that they would hold me, a private Negro citizen of the United States, responsible for the presence of French-speaking Africans." Hayes booked his recital at Konzerthaus Berlin without difficulty. Germans were still unhappy about his appearance in Berlin, and when Hayes appeared on stage several members of the audience began to boo and hiss at the singer. Despite the hostile reception, he began to sing Franz Schubert's "Du bist die Ruh". Hayes's remarkable voice and musical talent won over the audience and his concert was a success. Hayes's wife and daughter mistakenly sat in seats reserved for white customers in a shoe store in Rome, Georgia, in 1942. An argument erupted, which resulted in the two leaving. Later, Hayes confronted the store owner, whom he knew, and resolved the conflict. Upon leaving, Hayes was assaulted by police and put under arrest, with his wife also being taken into custody. Gradually the story received national attention and much sympathy for Hayes. The assaulting police officer was fired, with federal charges made against him. A poem by Langston Hughes, entitled "How About It, Dixie," refers to the incident. Hayes faced heavy criticism from anti-Jim Crow activists for performing in an integrated theater in Washington, D.C., on January 5, 1926, followed by a segregated theater in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 7, 1926. Hayes taught at Black Mountain College for the 1945 Summer institute, where his public concert was, according to Martin Duberman, "one of the great moments in Black Mountain's history". After this concert, in which unsegregated seating went well, the school had its first full-time black student and full-time member of the faculty.

• Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) – The Life of Christ (Amadeo, 1954) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) – Negro Spirituals (Amadeo, 1955) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - Roland Hayes Sings (Amadeo AVRS 6033)(Vanguard) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - Roland Hayes - Christmas Carols of the Nations (Vanguard VRS7016, 195?)(10") • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - The Life of Christ (Vanguard VRS462, 1954) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - My Songs (Vanguard VRS494, 1956) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - The Art of Roland Hayes: Six Centuries of Song (Vanguard VRS448/9, 1966)(2 LP) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - The Life of Christ (Vanguard Everyman SRV352SD, 1976) • Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - Afro-American Folksongs (Pelican LP2028, 1983)

• Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - The Art of Roland Hayes (Smithsonian Collection of Recordings RD041, 1990) • The Art of Roland Hayes: Six Centuries of Song (Preiser, 2010)

Roland Hayes was born on 3 June 1887 in Curryville. Hayes held the nationality of United States. Hayes was educated at Fisk University. Hayes studied under George Henschel. Recorded partner: Bertha Henriette Katharina Nadine Kolowrat-Krakowská. Recorded child: Maria Dolores Franzyska Kolowrat-Krakowská. Hayes worked as composer, opera singer and singer. Hayes was employed by Black Mountain College. Hayes played the voice. Hayes worked in English. Hayes died on 1 January 1977 in Boston. Hayes is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery.