Mendele Mocher Sforim

• Name — Mendele Mocher Sforim • Birth Name — Sholem Yankev Broyde • Other Names — Sholem Yankev Abramovich • Born — 2 January 1836 • Birthplace — Kapyl, Russian Empire • Died — 8 December 1917 • Place of death — Odesa, Ukrainian People's Republic • Occupation — Author • Known for — Being one of the founders of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature

Mendele was born to a poor Lithuanian Jewish family in Kapyl, Minsk Governorate, Russian Empire. His father, Chaim Moyshe Broyde, died shortly after Mendele's bar mitzvah. He studied in yeshiva in Slutsk and Vilna until he was 17; during this time he was a day-boarder under the system of Teg-essen, barely scraping by, and often hungry. Mendele traveled extensively around Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania at the mercy of an abusive beggar named Avreml Khromoy (Russian for "Avreml the Lame"); Avreml would later become the source for the title character of Fishke der Krumer (Fishke the Lame). In 1854, Mendele settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi, where he got to know writer and poet Avrom Ber Gotlober, who helped him to understand secular culture, philosophy, literature, history, Russian and other languages.

Mendele's first article, "Letter on Education", appeared in 1857, in the first Hebrew newspaper, Hamagid; his mentor Gotlober submitted Mendele's school paper without Mendele's prior knowledge. In Berdichev, where he lived from 1858 to 1869, he began to publish fiction both in Hebrew and Yiddish. Having offended the local powers with his satire, he left Berdichev to train as a rabbi at the relatively theologically liberal, government-sponsored rabbinical school in Zhitomir, where he lived from 1869 to 1881, and became the head of the traditional school (Talmud Torah) in Odessa in 1881. He lived in Odessa until his death in 1917, except for two years spent in Geneva, where he fled the government-inspired pogroms following the failed revolution of 1905.

• Illustration — The Odessa literary group in 1916; from left to right: Yehoshua Ravnitzky (1859-1944), Shloyme Ansky, Mendele, Hayim N. Bialik, Simon Frug. Sol Liptzin writes that in his early Yiddish narratives, Mendele "wanted to be useful to his people rather than gain literary laurels". Two of his early works, the story and the unstaged 1869 drama Di Takse (The Tax), condemned the corruption by which religious taxes (in the latter case, specifically the tax on kosher meat) were diverted to benefit community leaders rather than the poor. This satiric tendency continued in Di Klatshe (The Nag, 1873) about a prince, a stand-in for the Jewish people, who is bewitched and becomes a much put-upon beast of burden, but maintains his moral superiority throughout his sufferings (a theme evidently influenced by Apuleius's classical picaresque novel The Golden Ass). His later work became more humane and less satiric, starting with (Fishke the Lame; written 1868-1888) – which was adapted as a film of the same title in 1939 (known in English as The Light Ahead) – and continuing with the unfinished The Travels of Benjamin III (1878), something of a Jewish Don Quixote. (The title is a reference to the well-known travel book of the Medieval Spanish-Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela.) In 1938, this work was adapted by Hermann Sinsheimer as a play for the Jüdischer Kulturbund in Germany, and performed there shortly after Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass), in November of that year. As with Fishke, Mendele worked on and off for decades on his long novel Dos Vinshfingeril (The Wishing Ring, 1865–1889), with at least two versions preceding the final one. It is the story of a maskil — that is, a supporter of the Haskalah, like Mendele himself — who escapes a poor town, survives misery to obtain a secular education much like Mendele's own, but is driven by the pogroms of the 1880s from his dreams of universal brotherhood to one of Jewish nationalism. The first English translation, by Michael Wex (author of Born to Kvetch), was published in 2003.

• "Das Wunschfingerl", translated from the Yiddish by Michael Wex as The Wishing-Ring • Limdu hetev (Learn to Do Good, 1862-). • דאס קליינע מענטשעלע, Dos kleyne mentshele, 1864 • Die Taxe oder die Bande Stodt-Baal-Tobes (The Tax, 1869), satirical play • Di Klatshe (The Nag, 1873) • (Fishke the Lame; written 1868-1888) • Beémek Habakhá ("In the Vale of Tears"): Yiddish title: "Dos vintshfingerl" ("The Wishing Ring", 1865–1889) • The Travels of Benjamin III (מסעות בנימין השלישי, Masoes Benyomin Hashlishi, 1878) • "The Burned-Out" ("Ha-nisforim, 1896) • autobiographical Shloyme Reb Khayims: A bild fun yídishn lebn in der Líte ("Shloyme, son of Reb Khayim: An Image of the Yiddish Life in Lithuania"; never completed; 1899–1912) • “BeSeter ra'am” (In the Secret Place of Thunder; 1886–1887) • “Shem va-Yefet ba-‘agalah” (Shem and Japheth in the Train Compartment; 1890), • “Lo naḥat be-Ya‘akov” (There Is No Good in Jacob; 1892), • “Bi-Yeme ha-ra‘ash” (In Days of Tumult; 1894) • “Bi-Yeshivah shel ma‘alah uvi-yeshivah shel mata” (In the Heavenly Assembly and the Earthly One; 1894–1895)

The authorities additionally record the headings Mendele Moykher Sforim, Shalom Jacob Abramowich, Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh and Sholem Yankev Abramovich. His recorded languages were Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. His recorded confession was Judaism. One child is recorded: Mikhail Abramovich. Other recorded relations include Vsevolod Abramovich and Aleksandr Abramovich.