Louis de Geer the Elder

Louis de Geer the Elder studied at Uppsala University. The recorded working language is Swedish. Places of work recorded in the authority are Stockholm. Residence is recorded at Hanaskog Castle. Employment is recorded with Uppsala University and Lund University. Positions recorded include member of the First Chamber and Prime Minister of Sweden. Distinctions recorded are Royal Order of the Seraphim, honorary doctorate of Lund University, honorary doctor of the University of Uppsala and Lord of the Realm.

• Honorific Prefix — His Excellency The High Well-born Baron • Name — Louis Gerard De Geer • Office — Prime Minister of Sweden • Term Start — 20 March 1876 • Term End — 19 April 1880 • Monarch — Oscar II • Predecessor — Office established • Successor — Arvid Posse • Order2 — Minister for Justice • Term Start2 — 20 March 1876 • Term End2 — 6 June 1879 • Predecessor2 — Office established • Successor2 — Ludvig Teodor Almqvist • Order3 — Prime Minister for Justice • Term Start3 — 11 May 1875 • Term End3 — 20 March 1876 • Predecessor3 — Edvard Carleson • Successor3 — Himself (as both Prime Minister and Minister for Justice) • Term Start4 — 7 April 1858 • Term End4 — 3 June 1870 • Predecessor4 — Claës Günther • Successor4 — Axel Adlercreutz • Birth Name — Louis Gerard De Geer af Finspång • Born — 18 July 1818 • Birthplace — Finspång Castle, Sweden • Died — 24 September 1896 • Place of death — Hanaskog Castle, Sweden • Party — Independent liberal • Spouse — Caroline Wachtmeister • Children — 6 • Parents — Gerard De Geer Henriette Charlotte Lagerstråle • Education — Linköpings Gymnasium • Alma Mater — Uppsala universitet • Occupation — Politician • lawyer

De Geer was born at Finspång Castle in Risinge parish, and was a member of the De Geer family. He was a lawyer, and in 1855 became president of the Göta Court of Appeal, or lord justice for the appellate court of Götaland. From 7 April 1858 to 3 June 1870 he was Prime Minister for Justice and again from 11 May 1875 to 20 March 1876. As a member of the nobility, he took part in the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates from 1851 onwards. From 1867 to 1878 he was the member for Stockholm in the first chamber in the New Riksdag, where he introduced and passed many useful reforms. According to his Minnen ("Memoirs") he considered himself a Liberal, in sympathy with universal suffrage. He never tried, however, to introduce legislation which he deemed impossible to get through the Riksdag.

De Geer's greatest political achievement was the reform of the Swedish representative system. The reforms introduced a bi-cameral elected Riksdag replacing the existing cumbersome and less democratic Riksdag of the Estates, a hangover from the later Medieval period. This measure was accepted by the Riksdag in December 1865, and received the royal sanction on 22 June 1866. For some time after this De Geer enjoyed considerable popularity. He retired from the ministry in 1870, but took office again, as Prime Minister of Justice in 1875.

In 1876 De Geer became the first Prime Minister of Sweden following a reform where the previous offices of Prime Minister for Justice (which he held at the time) and Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs were changed into Minister for Justice and a Minister for Foreign Affairs. He served until April 1880, when the failure of his repeated efforts to settle the armaments issue again induced him to resign. From 1881 to 1888 he was Chancellor for the Universities of Uppsala and Lund. He was an advocate of free trade and economic liberalism. Some argue that it was De Geer who laid the foundations for the strong economic growth in Sweden from 1870 to 1970.

Besides several novels and aesthetic essays, De Geer wrote a few political memoirs of supreme merit both as to style and matter, the most notable of which are Minnesteckning öfver A. J. v. Höpken (Stockholm, 1881); Minnesteckning öfver Hans Järta (Stockholm, 1874); Minnesteckning öfver B. B. von Platen (Stockholm, 1886); and his own Minnen (Stockholm, 1892), an autobiography, invaluable as a historical document, in which the political experience and the matured judgments of a lifetime are recorded with singular clearness, sobriety and charm. For example, his explanation of why he, at such a young age, was appointed Prime Minister of Justice, was that in the narrow circles of Swedish nobility at the time, it was difficult to find anyone with at least the mediocre intelligence which was needed for the office.

In 1848, De Geer married the countess Carolina Lovisa Wachtmeister. They had three sons, of which the eldest, Gerhard Louis De Geer (1854–1935), was prime minister of Sweden from 1920 to 21 and the second was Gerard De Geer (1858–1943), a geologist.

De Geer died on 24 September 1896 at his residence Hanaskog Castle in Scania. He is buried in the cemetery of Kviinge Church. • Illustration — De Geer in a contemporary newspaper caricature, depicted as St George fighting the four-headed dragon of the old four-chamber Riksdag of the Estates. From Emil Hildebrand, Sveriges historia intill tjugonde seklet (1910).