Hurşid Ahmed Paşa

Hurshid Pasha defeated Ali Pasha and had him killed in early 1822, but his subordinates failed to put down the Greek uprising. The circumstances of his death remain disputed; however, modern scholarship records that he died in Yenişehir (Larissa) on 20 November 1822.

• Name — Hurshid Ahmed • Monarch1 — Selim III • Office1 — Beylerbey of Egypt • Predecessor1 — Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha • Successor1 — Muhammad Ali Pasha (Wāli) • Term Start1 — 1804 • Term End1 — 1805 • Died — 20 November 1822 • Office — Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire • Term Start — 5 September 1812 • Term End — 1 April 1815 • Monarch — Mahmud II • Predecessor — Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha • Successor — Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha • Place of death — Larissa, Ottoman Empire • Allegiance — Ottoman Empire • Battles — * First Serbian Uprising • Battle of Banje • Battle of Čegar • Siege of Deligrad (1809) • Battle of Jasik • Battle of Varvarin • Siege of Negotin • Serbian campaign of 1813 • Capture of Belgrade (1813) • Second Serbian Uprising • Ali Pasha revolt • Siege of Ioannina (1821) Greek War of Independence • Honorific Suffix — Pasha

He was born in the Caucasus and was of Georgian descent. He was kidnapped and taken to Constantinople as a youth, converted to Islam and enrolled in the Janissaries. There he acquired the favour of Sultan Mahmud II and occupied several high positions.

Appointed mayor of Alexandria after the French evacuated Egypt in 1801, he was named governor of Egypt in 1804 at Muhammad Ali's behest. Allied with Britain's diplomatic representative, Hurshid tried to get Muhammad Ali and his Albanians removed from Egypt, bringing in the deli (lit. "madmen") light cavalry from Ottoman Syria to counterbalance them. Muhammad Ali won the Delis to his side and, backed by a demonstration of ulema and guild leaders in Cairo, had himself named governor of Egypt in May 1805. Hurshid, abandoned by his troops, was besieged in the Cairo Citadel, which he left only after he saw the Ottoman firman investing Muhammad Ali as Egypt's governor.

In 1808, Hurshid Pasha served as the governor of Rumelia.

• Illustration — 1863 sketch of the Skull Tower, ordered by Hurshid to be built of fallen Serbs. In March 1809, he was sent to the Sanjak of Smederevo to suppress the First Serbian Uprising led by Karađorđe Petrović. He defeated Karađorđe at Banja, destroyed Serbian rebel units at Čegar, captured Deligrad, lost at Jasika in 1809, lost at Varvarin in 1810, and successfully suppressed the uprising in 1813 through taking Negotin and Belgrade. On 5 September 1812 he was named Grand Vizier (Prime Minister), a post he held until 1 April 1815. He remained on campaign in Serbia as commander-in-chief (serasker) and Vali of Bosnia, and brought the uprising to an end after recapturing Belgrade in October 1813. After the suppression of the First Serbian Uprising, Grand Vizier Hurshid Pasha sent his commander Serčesma to the still rebellious parts of Serbia with a large army to return the Serbs under Ottoman suzerainty and ensure them of their rights. The vojvoda Miloš Obrenović surrendered at the Takovo church and other commanders followed suit. Serčesma appointed mayors (mutesellim) and took Miloš with him to Belgrade before Hurshid Pasha, who recognized him as governor of the Rudnik nahiya. Shortly after this, Hurshid left the Belgrade Pashalik and appointed his kethüda Darendeli Ali Pasha as Vizier. Darendeli promoted Miloš to governor of the Kragujevac and Požega nahiyas, as well. Darendeli was soon replaced with Sulejman Pasha Skopljak, who didn't follow Hurshid's and Darendeli's acceptable holding towards Serbs, but instead upheld an administration in the likes of the Dahije, which together with the army bringing in plague and instances of murder resulted in Hadži Prodan's rebellion. Hurshid served as the Vali of Bosnia in 30 March–28 October 1815. He was replaced by Sulejman Pasha Skopljak. He then served as mutasarrıf of Salonica since 28 October 1815.

• Illustration — Adam de Friedel. The Greeks, Twenty-four Portraits of the principal Leaders and Personages who have made themselves most conspicuous in the Greek Revolution, from the Commencement of the Struggle, London, Adam de Friedel, 1830. In November 1820, he was named governor of the Morea Eyalet (the Peloponnese), with a seat at Tripoli and serasker of the expedition against the rebellious Ali Pasha of Yanina. Before he left for Yanina, however, he was disturbed by rumours of a possible revolt among the Greeks of the Morea. His fears were allayed, however, when an assembly of Greek notables visited him on 8 November 1820 in Tripoli. Thus, on 6 January 1821, he left Tripoli for the north, leaving behind his treasury and his harem, while his deputy (kaimakam) Mehmed Salih with a force of 1,000 Albanians remained to maintain order. However, only a few months later, while the Ottoman armies were besieging Yanina, the first uprisings of the Greek War of Independence took place. Hurshid Pasha decisively defeated Ali Pasha of Yanina at Ioannina. Hurshid immediately informed the Sultan of the events, and without waiting for instructions, reacted by sending Omer Vryonis and Köse Mehmed Pasha to suppress the revolt first in Central Greece and then to cross over to the Peloponnese and quell the uprising in its heartland. At the same time, he dispatched his chief of staff Mustafa Bey with 3,000 men to reinforce the garrison of Tripoli. Hurshid himself remained in Yanina to supervise the last stages of the siege. Despite his rapid reaction, his plans ultimately failed: Vryonis and Köse Mehmed failed to suppress the revolt in Central Greece, while the reinforcements of Mustafa Bey were insufficient to save Tripoli, which fell to the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis after a prolonged siege, on 23 September 1821. Despite the general massacre of the Muslim inhabitants, Hurshid's harem and a part of his treasure were saved. Finally, in January 1822, he killed Ali Pasha through treason, and sent his severed head to the Sultan, and his star seemed on the rise again. He assembled an army of 80,000 men (a huge number by Balkan standards) and was about to march in order to finally crush the Greek uprising, when disaster struck. His political enemies in Constantinople, alarmed at the fame and power he had achieved and the prestige that the successful ending of both Ali Pasha's and the Greek revolts would bring him, accused him of misappropriating a large part of Ali's treasure. Hurshid had sent 40,000,000 piasters, with a statement that they had been found in Ali's vaults, while the Sultan's ministers calculated Ali's fortune at over 500,000,000 piasters. When they asked him to send a detailed account, the offended Hurshid did not reply. Shortly after that, he was denounced for abuse of public treasure and fell in disgrace. He was removed from his positions, and replaced as serasker and governor of Morea by Mahmud Dramali Pasha. Hurshid was ordered to remain in Larissa to attend to the provisioning of Dramali's army. When news began arriving in Constantinople of the failure of Dramali's expedition at Dervenakia, the Sultan ordered Hurshid to take matters into his own hands and salvage what he could of the situation. However, his opponents continued to plot against him, and reports reached him that efforts were being made to secure his downfall. The circumstances surrounding his final days remain disputed. While some accounts describe his death as a suicide by poison, modern scholarship records that Hurshid Ahmed Pasha died in Yenişehir (Larissa) on 20 November 1822.

• Mayor of Alexandria (1802) • Beylerbey of Egypt (16 March 1804–17 May 1805) • Vali of Rumelia (1808) • Grand Vizier (5 September 1812–1 April 1815) • Vali of Bosnia (30 March–28 October 1815) • Vali of Morea (November 1820–30 November 1822)

The authorities additionally record the headings Hurshid Ahmed Pasha and Hurşid Ahmed Paşa. His recorded languages were Turkish, Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish. His recorded confession was Islam.